シェア型自動運転車による自動車利用変化 : 空走時間発生による環境負荷への影響

本研究では自動車の自動運転(adus)，およびシェア交通という2つの要素に着目し，それらの要素が融合した新交通サービス：Shared-adusの運行を想定する．この交通サービスでは車両が乗客を乗せずに走行する「空走時間」が発生し，環境負荷を増大させる可能性がある．そこで，空走時間を含めた車両の走行時間について，運行方式およびサービスレベルの設定による走行時間の変動を推計するとともに，都市構造と環境負荷の関係について検証を行った．主な結果は以下の通りである．1) Shared-adusの運行によって車両によるCO2排出量は現状の1.6～1.7倍程度に増加し，2) その内の約1/4は空走によって発生する．3) サービスレベルを高めるほど，車両によるCO2排出量は増加する．4) 人口密度が比較的低い地域において空走によるCO2排出量の割合が高くなる傾向が見られる

Cooperation and competition between the default mode network and frontal parietal network in the elderly

Recent research has shown that the Default Mode Network (DMN) typically exhibits increased activation during processing of social and personal information but shows deactivation during working memory (WM) tasks. Previously, we reported the Frontal Parietal Network (FPN) and DMN showed coactivation during task preparation whereas the DMN exhibited deactivation during task execution in working memory tasks. Aging research has shown that older adults exhibited decreased functional connectivity in the DMN relative to younger adults. Here, we investigated whether age-related cognitive decline is related to a reduced relationship between the FPN and DMN using a working memory task during the execution period. First, we replicated our previous finding that the FPN and DMN showed coactivation during the preparation period, whereas the DMN showed deactivation during the execution period. The older adults showed reduced DMN activity during task preparation and reduced deactivation during task execution; however, they exhibited a higher magnitude of activation in the FPN than the young individuals during task execution. Functional connectivity analyses showed that the elderly group, compared to the young group, showed weaker correlations within the FPN and the DMN, weaker positive correlations between the FPN and DMN during task preparation, and weaker negative correlations between the FPN and DMN during execution. The results suggest that cognitive decline in the older adults might be related to reduced connectivity within the DMN as well as between the FPN and DMN

Clinical effectiveness of four neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir, laninamivir, and peramivir) for children with influenza A and B in the 2014-2015 to 2016-2017 influenza seasons in Japan

The clinical effectiveness of four neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) (oseltamivir, zanamivir, laninamivir, and peramivir) for children aged 0 months to 18 years with influenza A and B were investigated in the 2014-2015 to 2016-2017 influenza seasons in Japan. A total of 1207 patients (747 with influenza A and 460 with influenza B) were enrolled. The Cox proportional-hazards model using all of the patients showed that the duration of fever after administration of the first dose of the NAI was shorter in older patients (hazard ratio = 1.06 per 1 year of age, p < 0.001) and that the duration of fever after administration of the first dose of the NAI was shorter in patients with influenza A infection than in patients with influenza B infection (hazard ratio = 2.21, p < 0.001). A logistic regression model showed that the number of biphasic fever episodes was 2.99-times greater for influenza B-infected patients than for influenza A-infected patients (p < 0.001). The number of biphasic fever episodes in influenza A-or B-infected patients aged 0-4 years was 2.89-times greater than that in patients aged 10-18 years (p = 0.010), and the number of episodes in influenza A-or B-infected patients aged 5-9 years was 2.13times greater than that in patients aged 10-18 years (p = 0.012)