Pengaruh Konsentrasi Ekstrak Tumbuhan Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides L.) dan Waktu Pemberian Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Sawi (Brassica juncea L.)

                    The presence of weeds in crop cultivation has a negative effect on the crop because of their high competitiveness. One of the roles of weeds as allelopathy because weeds release chemical compounds that can inhibit growth and kill plants around them. This study aimed to determine the effect of concentration of ‘bandotan’ plant extracts plants at various application times on the growth and yield of mustard. The research was carried out at the Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Pattimura University, from November 2017 to January 2018. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) involving two factors and with three replications. The first factor was ‘bandotan’ extract with 4 concentration levels: control (no extract), 100 g/L, 200 g/L and 300 g/L. The second factor was application time with three levels: 5 days after planting (DAP), 10 DAP, and 15 DAP. The variables observed included plant height, leaf number, leaf area, fresh crop weight, and crop dry weight. Data analysis of each variable was conducted using the analysis of variance. If there was a significant treatment effect, it proceeded with the Tukey test at the level of α = 0.05. The results showed that the concentration of ‘bandotan’ extract did not significantly affect all observation variables (plant height, leaf number, leaf area, fresh crop weight, and dry weight of mustard). Time of ‘bandotan’ extract application did not significantly affect all observation variables (plant height, leaf number, leaf area, fresh crop weight, and dry weight of mustard). The interaction between ‘bandotan’ extract concentration and application time did not significantly affect all observed variables. Keywords:  application time, ‘bandotan’ extract, green mustard, growth and yield   ABSTRAK Keberadaaan gulma pada tanaman budidaya berpengaruh negatif pada tanaman itu karena daya kompetitif yang tinggi. Salah satu peran gulma sebagai alelopati karena gulma mengeluarkanbahan senyawa kimia yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan dan mematikan tumbuhan yang ada disekitarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak tumbuhan gulma ‘bandotan’ pada berbagai interval waktu terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman sawi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Rumah Kaca Jurusan Budidaya Pertanian, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Pattimura, dan berlangsung pada November 2017 sampai Januari 2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan pola Rancangan Acak Lengkap, dengan dua faktor yang diteliti dan dengan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah ekstrak bandotan dengan 4 taraf konsentrasi: kontrol, 100 g/L, 200 g/L dan 300 g/L. Faktor kedua adalah waktu dengan tiga taraf: 5 HST, 10 HST dan15 HST. Parameter yang diamati adalah tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, luas daun tanaman, berat segar tanaman dan berat kering tanaman. Analisis data dari peubah yang diamati, dilakukan dengan menggunakan Analisis Ragam dan apabila terdapat pengaruh perlakuan nyata maka di lanjutkan denganuji BNJ pada taraf α = 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh ekstrak tumbuhan bandotan tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap semua variable pengamatan (tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, luas daun, berat segar dan berat kering tanaman sawi). Perlakuan interval waktu pemberian ekstrak tumbuhan bandotan tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap semua variabel pengamatan. Interaksi antara ekstrak tumbuhan bandotan juga tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap semua variabel pengamatan. Kata kunci: ekstak bandotan, interval waktu, pertumbuhan dan hasil, tanaman saw

EFECTO IN VITRO DEL EXTRACTO ETANÓLICO DE CAULERPA FILIFORMIS EN PARÁMETROS SEMINALES HUMANOS

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto in vitro del extracto etanólico de Caulerpa filiformis en parámetros seminales  humanos. Se realizaron las siguientes pruebas: vitalidad, motilidad y dispersión de cromatina espermática; tomándose en cuenta las  variables tiempo (5’, 15’, 35’ y 60’) y concentración (0.04mg/ml, 0.4mg/ml y 4 mg/ml) para cada prueba. La muestra fue diluida hasta una concentración de 10 x 106 de espermatozoides/ml con suero fisiológico al 0.9%, luego incubada 1:1 (v/v) con el extracto. Con respecto a la vitalidad, a partir de los 15 minutos el extracto produjo mortalidad espermática. La DL50 fue de 17.35 mg/ml (11.08-57.17 mg/ml), 8.75 mg/ml (7.15-12.00 mg/ml) y 6.43 mg/ml (5.53-8.02 mg/ml) para los 15’, 35’ y 60’, respectivamente. En cuanto a la motilidad espermática se observó una disminución significativa con respecto al control en la concentración de 4mg/ml en los 15’ y 35’. A los 60’ en dicha concentración, todas las repeticiones alcanzaron una inmovilización espermática total. La CE50 a los 60’ fue de 0.49 mg/ml (-1.25-1.16 mg/ml). La prueba de ANOVA de 2 vías mostróque tanto el porcentaje de mortalidad como de espermatozoides inmovilizados se vio afectado por las variables tiempo y concentración, mientras que la interacción de éstas solo afectó la motilidad. El parámetro motilidad solo muestra un efecto dosis dependiente en la concentración de 4 mg/ml. La fragmentación de ADN no se vio afectada por ninguna de las variables ya mencionadas ni por la interacción de estas. Los resultados obtenidos con el extracto etanólico de Caulerpa filiformis podrían tener una naturaleza contraceptiva promisoria, y tal vez ser tomada en cuenta como una alternativa a los espermicidas comerciales, para ello se necesitará futuros estudios que develen la composición química de esta especie

Taming the massive genome of Scots pine with PiSy50k, a new genotyping array for conifer research

Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) is the most widespread coniferous tree in the boreal forests of Eurasia, with major economic and ecological importance. However, its large and repetitive genome presents a challenge for conducting genome-wide analyses such as association studies, genetic mapping and genomic selection. We present a new 50K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping array for Scots pine research, breeding and other applications. To select the SNP set, we first genotyped 480 Scots pine samples on a 407 540 SNP screening array and identified 47 712 high-quality SNPs for the final array (called 'PiSy50k'). Here, we provide details of the design and testing, as well as allele frequency estimates from the discovery panel, functional annotation, tissue-specific expression patterns and expression level information for the SNPs or corresponding genes, when available. We validated the performance of the PiSy50k array using samples from Finland and Scotland. Overall, 39 678 (83.2%) SNPs showed low error rates (mean = 0.9%). Relatedness estimates based on array genotypes were consistent with the expected pedigrees, and the level of Mendelian error was negligible. In addition, array genotypes successfully discriminate between Scots pine populations of Finnish and Scottish origins. The PiSy50k SNP array will be a valuable tool for a wide variety of future genetic studies and forestry applications.Peer reviewe

Personality profiles of cultures: aggregate personality traits

Personality profiles of cultures can be operationalized as the mean trait levels of culture members. College students from 51 cultures rated an individual from their country whom they knew well (N = 12, 156). Aggregate scores on Revised NEO Personality Inventory scales generalized across age and gender groups, approximated the individual-level Five-Factor Model, and correlated with aggregate self-report personality scores and other culture-level variables. Results were not attributable to national differences in economic development or to acquiescence. Geographical differences in scale variances and mean levels were replicated, with Europeans and Americans generally scoring higher in Extraversion than Asians and Africans. Findings support the rough scalar equivalence of NEO-PI-R factors and facets across cultures, and suggest that aggregate personality profiles provide insight into cultural differences

Distribución de los peces continentales de España asociada a las características físicas, metereológicas e hidrológicas de las cuencas hidrográficas

Se analizó la distribución espacial de los principales peces continentales de España y su relación con variables tales como: altitud, orden de los ríos, pendiente, precipitaciones, temperaturas medias mínima y máxima, de invierno y verano respectivamente. Se consideraron las cuencas hidrográficas del Norte, Duero, Tajo, Ebro, Guadiana, Guadalquivir, Júcar, Segura, Sur e Internas de Cataluña. Las variables se analizaron bajo un enfoque espacial, utilizando un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG). Las asociaciones de las variables antes mencionadas, tanto cuantitativas como cualitativas, se determinaron aplicando un Análisis de Correspondencias Múltiples.Spatial distribution of the mainly continental fishes of Spain and its relation by such variables as: altitude, rivers orders, slope, rainfalls, average minimal and maximum temperatures, on winter and summer respectively, was analyzed. The hydrographical basins of the: North, Duero, Tajo, Ebro, Guadiana, Guadalquivir, Júcar, Segura, South and Internal Catalonia were considered. The variables were analyzed under a spatial approach, using a Geographical Information System (GIS). The relationships of the variables mentioned before, both quantitative and qualitative, were determined applying a Multiple Correspondences Analysis

Disparities in Breast Cancer Care—How Factors Related to Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment Drive Inequity

Breast cancer survival has increased significantly over the last few decades due to more effective strategies for prevention and risk modification, advancements in imaging detection, screening, and multimodal treatment algorithms. However, many have observed disparities in benefits derived from such improvements across populations and demographic groups. This review summarizes published works that contextualize modern disparities in breast cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment and presents potential strategies for reducing disparities. We conducted searches for studies that directly investigated and/or reported disparities in breast cancer prevention, detection, or treatment. Demographic factors, social determinants of health, and inequitable healthcare delivery may impede the ability of individuals and communities to employ risk-mitigating behaviors and prevention strategies. The disparate access to quality screening and timely diagnosis experienced by various groups poses significant hurdles to optimal care and survival. Finally, barriers to access and inequitable healthcare delivery patterns reinforce inequitable application of standards of care. Cumulatively, these disparities underlie notable differences in the incidence, severity, and survival of breast cancers. Efforts toward mitigation will require collaborative approaches and partnerships between communities, governments, and healthcare organizations, which must be considered equal stakeholders in the fight for equity in breast cancer care and outcomes

La limbo-conjonctivite endemique des tropiques dans une zone rurale du sud Togo

Objectif : Cette étude estmenée en vue d’analyser quelques aspects particuliers de la limbo-conjonctivite endémique des Tropiques dans une zone rurale du Sud Togo.Patients et méthodes : Nous avons procédé à une enquête de porte à porte auprès de 797 enfants âgés de 2 à 15 ans pendant 3 mois.Résultats : L’âge moyen des enfants est de 8 ans avec des extrêmes de 2 ans et 15 ans. Les deux sexes étaient représentés de façon presque égale soit 50,7% de garçons et 49,3% de filles. La tranche d’âge de 5à 9 ans est la plus touchée et le sexe masculin est plus atteint avec un pourcentage de 60,2%. Selon les stades cliniques ; on avait noté une fréquence presque égale des stades 1 et stade 2 de Diallo avec respectivement 48,2% et 49,4%. Quand aux stades 3 et 4 ils étaient rencontrés dans une moindre mesure. Aucune forme n’a entraîné de cécité dans cette étude.Conclusion : La LCET est relativement fréquente chez les enfants étudiés puisqu’on la retrouve dans 31,5%.Les jeunes garçons semblent plus atteints que les filles.Mots clés : LCET, rurale, cécité.Aim: This survey is led in order to analyze some particular aspects of the endemic limbo-conjunctivitis of the Tropics in a farming zone of the South Togo. Patient and methods: We conducted an investigation from door to door by 797 children aged of 2 to 15 years during 3 months.Results: The mean-age of the children was 8 years with extremes of 2 years and 15 years. The two sexes were nearly represented of way equal 50.7% of boys and 49.3% of girls. The age group of 5 to 9 years is the more touched and the masculine sex is reached more with a percentage of 60.2%. According to the clinical stages; stage 1 and 2 of Diallo were equal with respectively 48.2% and 49.4%. When to the stages 3 and 4 they were met in a least measure. No blindness was notified in this survey.Conclusion: The LCET is relatively frequent at the studied children since it represents 31.5%. The young boys seem reached more than the girls.Key words: LCET, rural, blindness