Troubles du comportement alimentaire de l’adulte : réalisation d’une vidéo de psychoéducation

Eating disorders are pathologies with potentially serious psychic and somatic consequences, and high mortality. It is known that the prognosis is improved if a suitable care is quickly established. Caregivers are often highly involved and helpless in facing such diseases. They often express a significant psychological distress. We must contribute to provide them answers, to strengthen there key role as a resource and support for the patient. It is found that carers themselves are poorly trained in screening, diagnosticating and supporting eating disorders. There are effective therapeutic approaches, such as psychoeducation, to improve therapeutic alliance.This thesis aims to realize a psychoeducational audio-visual tool for patients with eating disorders, their caregivers, and professional carers. This tool includes three movies approaching the symptoms and the choice of treatment setting, based on the disease course and the care's goals. They may be broadcast on a national level through professional networks and associations involved in the treatment of eating disorders. The relevance and effectiveness of this tool has to be further evaluated.Les troubles des conduites alimentaires sont des pathologies aux conséquences psychiques et somatiques potentiellement graves, avec une forte mortalité. On sait que le pronostic en est d'autant meilleur que des soins adaptés sont mis en place rapidement. L'entourage proche est souvent très impliqué et démuni face à de type de maladies, et exprime le plus souvent une détresse psychologique importante à laquelle il faut savoir apporter des réponses, afin de renforcer son rôle de ressource et de soutien pour le patient. On constate que les soignants sont eux-mêmes peu formés au dépistage, au diagnostic et à l'accompagnement des troubles alimentaires. Il existe des approches thérapeutiques efficaces, comme la psychoéducation, pour développer une meilleure alliance thérapeutique.Cette thèse a pour objectif de réaliser un outil audio-visuel de psychoéducation destinés aux patients souffrant de TCA, à leurs familles et aux soignants, susceptibles de les accompagner. Ce support est composé de trois vidéos abordant les symptômes, les niveaux de soins en fonction de l'évolution de la maladie et les objectifs des prises en charge.Ils pourront être diffusés à un niveau national via les réseaux de professionnels et les associations impliqués dans la prise en charge des TCA. La pertinence et l'efficacité de cet outil resteront à évaluer

Electrical properties and gustatory responses of various taste disk cells of frog fungiform papillae

We compared the electrical properties and gustatory response profiles of types Ia cell (mucus cell), Ib cell (wing cell), and II/III cell (receptor cell) in the taste disks of the frog fungiform papillae. The large depolarizing responses of all types of cell induced by 1 M NaCl were accompanied by a large decrease in the membrane resistance and had the same reversal potential of approximately +5 mV. The large depolarizing responses of all cell types for 1 mM acetic acid were accompanied by a small decrease in the membrane resistance. The small depolarizing responses of all cell types for 10 mM quinine--HCl (Q-HCl) were accompanied by an increase in the membrane resistance, but those for 1 M sucrose were accompanied by a decrease in the membrane resistance. The reversal potential of sucrose responses in all cell types were approximately +12 mV. Taken together, depolarizing responses of Ia, Ib, and II/III cells for each taste stimulus are likely to be generated by the same mechanisms. Gustatory depolarizing response profiles indicated that 1) each of Ia, Ib, and II/III cells responded 100% to 1 M NaCl and 1 mM acetic acid with depolarizing responses, 2) approximately 50% of each cell type responded to 10 mM Q-HCl with depolarizations, and 3) each approximately 40% of Ia and Ib cells and approximately 90% of II/III cells responded to 1 M sucrose with depolarizations. These results suggest that the receptor molecules for NaCl, acid, and Q-HCl stimuli are equivalently distributed on all cell types, but the receptor molecules for sugar stimuli are richer on II/III cells than on Ia and Ib cells. Type III cells having afferent synapses may play a main role in gustatory transduction and transmission

Tetrodotoxin as a Tool to Elucidate Sensory Transduction Mechanisms: The Case for the Arterial Chemoreceptors of the Carotid Body

Carotid bodies (CBs) are secondary sensory receptors in which the sensing elements, chemoreceptor cells, are activated by decreases in arterial PO2 (hypoxic hypoxia). Upon activation, chemoreceptor cells (also known as Type I and glomus cells) increase their rate of release of neurotransmitters that drive the sensory activity in the carotid sinus nerve (CSN) which ends in the brain stem where reflex responses are coordinated. When challenged with hypoxic hypoxia, the physiopathologically most relevant stimulus to the CBs, they are activated and initiate ventilatory and cardiocirculatory reflexes. Reflex increase in minute volume ventilation promotes CO2 removal from alveoli and a decrease in alveolar PCO2 ensues. Reduced alveolar PCO2 makes possible alveolar and arterial PO2 to increase minimizing the intensity of hypoxia. The ventilatory effect, in conjunction the cardiocirculatory components of the CB chemoreflex, tend to maintain an adequate supply of oxygen to the tissues. The CB has been the focus of attention since the discovery of its nature as a sensory organ by de Castro (1928) and the discovery of its function as the origin of ventilatory reflexes by Heymans group (1930). A great deal of effort has been focused on the study of the mechanisms involved in O2 detection. This review is devoted to this topic, mechanisms of oxygen sensing. Starting from a summary of the main theories evolving through the years, we will emphasize the nature and significance of the findings obtained with veratridine and tetrodotoxin (TTX) in the genesis of current models of O2-sensing

Amiloride-sensitive channels in type I fungiform taste cells in mouse

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Taste buds are the sensory organs of taste perception. Three types of taste cells have been described. Type I cells have voltage-gated outward currents, but lack voltage-gated inward currents. These cells have been presumed to play only a support role in the taste bud. Type II cells have voltage-gated Na⁺and K⁺current, and the receptors and transduction machinery for bitter, sweet, and umami taste stimuli. Type III cells have voltage-gated Na⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺currents, and make prominent synapses with afferent nerve fibers. Na⁺salt transduction in part involves amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs). In rodents, these channels are located in taste cells of fungiform papillae on the anterior part of the tongue innervated by the chorda tympani nerve. However, the taste cell type that expresses ENaCs is not known. This study used whole cell recordings of single fungiform taste cells of transgenic mice expressing GFP in Type II taste cells to identify the taste cells responding to amiloride. We also used immunocytochemistry to further define and compare cell types in fungiform and circumvallate taste buds of these mice.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Taste cell types were identified by their response to depolarizing voltage steps and their presence or absence of GFP fluorescence. TRPM5-GFP taste cells expressed large voltage-gated Na⁺and K⁺currents, but lacked voltage-gated Ca²⁺currents, as expected from previous studies. Approximately half of the unlabeled cells had similar membrane properties, suggesting they comprise a separate population of Type II cells. The other half expressed voltage-gated outward currents only, typical of Type I cells. A single taste cell had voltage-gated Ca²⁺current characteristic of Type III cells. Responses to amiloride occurred only in cells that lacked voltage-gated inward currents. Immunocytochemistry showed that fungiform taste buds have significantly fewer Type II cells expressing PLC signalling components, and significantly fewer Type III cells than circumvallate taste buds.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The principal finding is that amiloride-sensitive Na⁺channels appear to be expressed in cells that lack voltage-gated inward currents, likely the Type I taste cells. These cells were previously assumed to provide only a support function in the taste bud.</p

Assemblage par fusion de composites à matrice thermoplastique : Caractérisationexpérimentale et modélisation de la cinétique d’auto-adhésion hors équilibre

Semi-crystalline high performance composite laminates are candidates for the aeronautical industry. Welding of these structures is emerging as a new method of joining without the addition of external materials and consists of locally melting the interface and bringing the two substrates into contact. The development of adhesion is historically described by two thermally activated steps: the establishment of intimate contact at the interface and the healing process allowing the assembly to ideally recover the mechanical properties of the initial material. Current composite forming processes are very fast, even continuous, and the time available for adhesion development is limited. This thesis work focuses on the multiphysical phenomena that take place at welded interfaces at short times using experimental and theoretical studies. For this purpose, a new experimental welding device was developed, allowing the identification of the healing kinetics of a high performance PEKK-Carbon composite. A correlation between the welding and rheological relaxation times shows the influence of the degradation related to the thermal history of the composite on its healing kinetics. The establishment of intimate contact also appears to be the limiting factor at low pressures. It is shown that the generally used model is not adapted to predict this kinetics. On the other hand, crystallization, favored by the presence of fibers, is coupled with healing and can therefore degrade the quality of adhesion because it influences crack propagation. An evolution of the bench allowing a faster radiative heating is presented and opens perspectives for a study closer to industrial conditions.Les stratifiés composites hautes performances semi-cristallins sont des candidats pour l’industrie aéronautique. Le soudage de ces structures apparaît comme une nouvelle méthode d’assemblage sans ajout de matériaux externes et consiste à fondre localement l’interface et à mettre en contact les deux substrats. Le développement de l’adhésion est historiquement décrit par deux étapes activées thermiquement : l’établissement du contact intime à l’interface et la cicatrisation permettant à l’assemblage de retrouver idéalement les propriétés mécaniques du matériau initial. Les procédés de mise en forme des composites actuels sont très rapides, voire continus, et le temps disponible pour le développement de l’adhésion est limité. Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse aux phénomènes multiphysiques qui ont lieu aux interfaces soudées à des temps courts à l’aide d’études expérimentales et théoriques. Pour cela, un nouveau dispositif expérimental de soudage a été développé, permettant l’identification de la cinétique de cicatrisation d’un composite hautes performances PEKKCarbone. Une corrélation entre les temps de soudage et de relaxation rhéologiques montre l’influence de la dégradation liée à l’histoire thermique du composite sur sa cinétique de cicatrisation. L’établissement du contact intime apparaît également comme le facteur limitant aux basses pressions. Il est montré que le modèle généralement utilisé n’est pas adapté pour la prédiction de cette cinétique. D’autre part, la cristallisation, favorisée par la présence de fibres, est couplée avec la cicatrisation et peut donc dégrader la qualité de l’adhésion car elle influence la propagation de fissure. Une évolution du banc permettant un chauffage radiatif plus rapide est présentée et ouvre des perspectives pour une étude plus proche des conditions industrielles

Etude des permeabilites ioniques de la cuticule branchiale chez l'ecrevisse : mise en evidence d'une selectivite aux ions chlorure

SIGLECNRS T 56432 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Fusion bonding of thermoplastic composites : experimental characterization and modelling of the autohesion kinetics in non-equilibrium conditions

Les stratifiés composites hautes performances semi-cristallins sont des candidats pour l’industrie aéronautique. Le soudage de ces structures apparaît comme une nouvelle méthode d’assemblage sans ajout de matériaux externes et consiste à fondre localement l’interface et à mettre en contact les deux substrats. Le développement de l’adhésion est historiquement décrit par deux étapes activées thermiquement : l’établissement du contact intime à l’interface et la cicatrisation permettant à l’assemblage de retrouver idéalement les propriétés mécaniques du matériau initial. Les procédés de mise en forme des composites actuels sont très rapides, voire continus, et le temps disponible pour le développement de l’adhésion est limité. Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse aux phénomènes multiphysiques qui ont lieu aux interfaces soudées à des temps courts à l’aide d’études expérimentales et théoriques. Pour cela, un nouveau dispositif expérimental de soudage a été développé, permettant l’identification de la cinétique de cicatrisation d’un composite hautes performances PEKKCarbone. Une corrélation entre les temps de soudage et de relaxation rhéologiques montre l’influence de la dégradation liée à l’histoire thermique du composite sur sa cinétique de cicatrisation. L’établissement du contact intime apparaît également comme le facteur limitant aux basses pressions. Il est montré que le modèle généralement utilisé n’est pas adapté pour la prédiction de cette cinétique. D’autre part, la cristallisation, favorisée par la présence de fibres, est couplée avec la cicatrisation et peut donc dégrader la qualité de l’adhésion car elle influence la propagation de fissure. Une évolution du banc permettant un chauffage radiatif plus rapide est présentée et ouvre des perspectives pour une étude plus proche des conditions industriellesSemi-crystalline high performance composite laminates are candidates for the aeronautical industry. Welding of these structures is emerging as a new method of joining without the addition of external materials and consists of locally melting the interface and bringing the two substrates into contact. The development of adhesion is historically described by two thermally activated steps: the establishment of intimate contact at the interface and the healing process allowing the assembly to ideally recover the mechanical properties of the initial material. Current composite forming processes are very fast, even continuous, and the time available for adhesion development is limited. This thesis work focuses on the multiphysical phenomena that take place at welded interfaces at short times using experimental and theoretical studies. For this purpose, a new experimental welding device was developed, allowing the identification of the healing kinetics of a high performance PEKK-Carbon composite. A correlation between the welding and rheological relaxation times shows the influence of the degradation related to the thermal history of the composite on its healing kinetics. The establishment of intimate contact also appears to be the limiting factor at low pressures. It is shown that the generally used model is not adapted to predict this kinetics. On the other hand, crystallization, favored by the presence of fibers, is coupled with healing and can therefore degrade the quality of adhesion because it influences crack propagation. An evolution of the bench allowing a faster radiative heating is presented and opens perspectives for a study closer to industrial conditions