Puissance du dessin et limites du papier

Cet article consiste en la définition de l’oralité comme principe inhérent de l’art graphique au Nunavut, dans le domaine de la création artistique contemporaine inuit de l’Arctique canadien. Selon une approche ethnolinguistique et anthropologique, il engage une réflexion sur ce que signifient « parler » et « dessiner », en considérant ces deux pratiques comme significatives dans l’élaboration des discours identitaires des sociétés inuit contemporaines. L’analyse des concepts inuit d’« art » (sanannguaq) et de « tracé/trace » (taqsaq) en relation avec la notion de « parole/mot » (uqausiq), ainsi que l’étude de la cosmogénèse et des témoignages révèlent des corrélations déterminantes quant à une certaine forme de pouvoir assignée tant à la parole/mot qu’au dessin tracé.This paper consists in defining orality as main principle of graphic art in Nunavut, within the contemporary Inuit artistic domain in the Canadian Arctic. Following an ethnolinguistics and anthropological approach, it engages a reflection about what “talking” means, and about what “drawing” means, considering these both practices significant within the elaboration of identity discourses process among the contemporary Inuit societies. Regarding the analysis of Inuit art concepts (sanannguaq) and “layout/mark” concept (taqsaq) on connection with the notion of “word” (uqausiq), added to the study of cosmogenesis and testimonies reveal significant correlations related to a certain form of power linked between the word and the drawing

An Invasive Mussel (Arcuatula senhousia, Benson 1842) Interacts with Resident Biota in Controlling Benthic Ecosystem Functioning

The invasive mussel Arcuatula senhousia has successfully colonized shallow soft sediments worldwide. This filter feeding mussel modifies sedimentary habitats while forming dense populations and efficiently contributes to nutrient cycling. In the present study, the density of A. senhousia was manipulated in intact sediment cores taken within an intertidal Zostera noltei seagrass meadow in Arcachon Bay (French Atlantic coast), where the species currently occurs at levels corresponding to an early invasion stage. It aimed at testing the effects of a future invasion on (1) bioturbation (bioirrigation and sediment mixing) as well as on (2) total benthic solute fluxes across the sediment–water interface. Results showed that increasing densities of A. senhousia clearly enhanced phosphate and ammonium effluxes, but conversely did not significantly affect community bioturbation rates, highlighting the ability of A. senhousia to control nutrient cycling through strong excretion rates with potential important consequences for nutrient cycling and benthic–pelagic coupling at a broader scale. However, it appears that the variability in the different measured solute fluxes were underpinned by different interactions between the manipulated density of A. senhousia and several faunal and/or environmental drivers, therefore underlining the complexity of anticipating the effects of an invasion process on ecosystem functioning within a realistic context

An Invasive Mussel (Arcuatula senhousia, Benson 1842) Interacts with Resident Biota in Controlling Benthic Ecosystem Functioning

The invasive mussel Arcuatula senhousia has successfully colonized shallow soft sediments worldwide. This filter feeding mussel modifies sedimentary habitats while forming dense populations and efficiently contributes to nutrient cycling. In the present study, the density of A. senhousia was manipulated in intact sediment cores taken within an intertidal Zostera noltei seagrass meadow in Arcachon Bay (French Atlantic coast), where the species currently occurs at levels corresponding to an early invasion stage. It aimed at testing the effects of a future invasion on (1) bioturbation (bioirrigation and sediment mixing) as well as on (2) total benthic solute fluxes across the sediment–water interface. Results showed that increasing densities of A. senhousia clearly enhanced phosphate and ammonium effluxes, but conversely did not significantly affect community bioturbation rates, highlighting the ability of A. senhousia to control nutrient cycling through strong excretion rates with potential important consequences for nutrient cycling and benthic–pelagic coupling at a broader scale. However, it appears that the variability in the different measured solute fluxes were underpinned by different interactions between the manipulated density of A. senhousia and several faunal and/or environmental drivers, therefore underlining the complexity of anticipating the effects of an invasion process on ecosystem functioning within a realistic context

Experimental assessment of particle mixing fingerprints in the deposit-feeding bivalve Abra alba (Wood)

Particle mixing induced by the deposit-feeding bivalve Abra alba was assessed using a new experimental approach allowing for the tracking of individual particle displacements. This approach combines the adaptation of existing image acquisition techniques with new image analysis software that tracks the position of individual particles. This led to measurements of particle mixing fingerprints, namely the frequency distributions of particle waiting times, and of the characteristics (i.e. direction and length) of their jumps. The validity of this new approach was assessed by comparing the so-measured frequency distributions of jump characteristics with the current qualitative knowledge regarding particle mixing in the genus Abra. Frequency distributions were complex due to the coexistence of several types of particle displacements and cannot be fitted with the most commonly used procedures when using the Continuous Time Random Walk (CTRW) model. Our approach allowed for the spatial analysis of particle mixing, which showed: 1) longer waiting times; 2) more frequent vertical jumps; and 3) shorter jump lengths deep in the sediment column than close to the sediment-water interface. This resulted in lower DbX and DbY (vertical and horizontal particle mixing bioffusion coefficients) deep in the sediment column. Our results underline the needs for: 1) preliminary checks of the adequacy of selected distributions to the species/communities studied; and 2) an assessment of vertical changes in particle mixing fingerprints when using CTRW

Ecosystem services provided by a non-cultured shellfish species: the common cockle Cerastoderma edule

Coastal habitats provide many important ecosystem services. The substantial role of shellfish in delivering ecosystem services is increasingly recognised, usually with a focus on cultured species, but wild-harvested bivalve species have largely been ignored. This study aimed to collate evidence and data to demonstrate the substantial role played by Europe's main wild-harvested bivalve species, the common cockle Cerastoderma edule, and to assess the ecosystem services that cockles provide. Data and information are synthesised from five countries along the Atlantic European coast with a long history of cockle fisheries. The cockle helps to modify habitat and support biodiversity, and plays a key role in the supporting services on which many of the other services depend. As well as providing food for people, cockles remove nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon from the marine environment, and have a strong cultural influence in these countries along the Atlantic coast. Preliminary economic valuation of some of these services in a European context is provided, and key knowledge gaps identified. It is concluded that the cockle has the potential to become (i) an important focus of conservation and improved sustainable management practices in coastal areas and communities, and (ii) a suitable model species to study the integration of cultural ecosystem services within the broader application of ‘ecosystem services’

Inter‐country differences in the cultural ecosystem services provided by cockles

1. Coastal systems provide many cultural ecosystem services (CES) to humans. Fewer studies have focused solely on CES, while those comparing CES across countries are even rarer. In the case of shellfish, considerable ecosystem services focus has been placed on nutrient remediation, with relatively little on the cultural services provided, despite strong historical, cultural, social and economic links between shellfish and coastal communities. The ecosystem services provided by the common cockle, Cerastoderma edule, have recently been described, yet the cultural benefits from cockles remain mostly unknown. 2. Here, we documented the CES provided by C. edule in five maritime countries along the Atlantic coast of western Europe, classifying evidenced examples of services into an a priori framework. The high-level classes, adapted from the Millennium Assessment and the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services, were: inspirational, sense of place, spiritual & religious, aesthetic, recreation & ecotourism, cultural heritage and educational. A further 19 sub-classes were defined. We followed a narrative approach to draw out commonalities and differences among countries using a semi-quantitative analysis. 3. Examples of CES provided by cockles were found for all classes in most countries. Cockles supply important and diverse cultural benefits to humans across Atlantic Europe, making it an ideal model species to study CES in coastal areas. Most examples were in cultural heritage, highlighting the importance of this class in comparison with classes which typically receive more attention in the literature like recreation or aesthetics. We also found that the cultural associations with cockles differed among countries, including between neighbouring countries that share a strong maritime heritage. The extent to which cultural associations were linked with the present or past also differed among countries, with stronger association with the present in southern countries and with the past in the north. 4. Understanding the wider benefits of cockles could deepen the recognition of this important coastal resource, and contribute to promoting sustainable management practices, through greater engagement with local communities. This study is an important step towards better integration of CES in coastal environments and could be used as a framework to study the CES of other species or ecosystems

Monitoreo de servicios ecosistémicos en un observatorio de cafetales agroforestales. Recomendaciones para el sector cafetalero

Ocho años de estudio de la ecofisiología del café, a través de experimentación y de modelación y el monitoreo de los servicios del ecosistema (SE) en una gran finca cafetalera en Costa Rica, revelaron varias recomendaciones prácticas para los agricultores y los formuladores de políticas. El sistema de cultivo estudiado dentro de nuestro observatorio colaborativo (Coffee-Flux), corresponde a un sistema agroforestal (SAF) a base de café bajo la sombra de grandes árboles de Erythrina poeppigiana (16% de la cubierta del dosel). Una gran cantidad de SE y limitantes dependen de las propiedades locales del suelo (en este caso Andisoles), especialmente de la erosión/infiltración, el agua/carbono y la capacidad de almacenamiento de nutrientes. Por lo tanto, para la evaluación de SE, el tipo de suelo es crucial. Una densidad adecuada de árboles de sombra (bastante baja aquí por la condición de libre crecimiento), redujo la severidad de las enfermedades de las hojas con la posibilidad de reducir el uso de plaguicidas y fungicidas. Un inventario simple del área basal en el collar de las plantas de café permitió estimar la biomasa subterránea y la edad promedio de la plantación, para juzgar su valor de mercado y decidir cuándo reemplazarla. Las fincas de café probablemente estén mucho más cerca de la neutralidad de C que lo indicado en el protocolo actual de C-neutralidad, que solo considera árboles de sombra, no los cafetos ni el suelo. Se proponen evaluaciones más completas, que ncluyen árboles, café, hojarasca, suelo y raíces en el balance C del SAF. Los árboles de sombra ofrecen muchos SE si se gestionan adecuadamente en el contexto local. En comparación con las condiciones a pleno sol, los árboles de sombra pueden (i) reducir la erosión laminar en un factor de 2; (ii) aumentar la fijación de N y el % de N reciclado en el sistema, reduciendo así los requisitos de fertilizantes; (iii) reducir la severidad de enfermedades de las hojas; (iv) aumentar el secuestro de C; (v) mejorar el microclima y (vi) reducir sustancialmente los efectos del cambio climático. En nuestro estudio de caso, no se encontró ningún efecto negativo sobre el rendimiento del café

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Le domaine artistique contemporain de l’Arctique canadien dans l’environnement numérique : Réflexion sur les notions de droit d’auteur et de propriété intellectuelle (note de recherche)

Dans l’Arctique canadien, l’accès aux technologies numériques représente un atout majeur, tant au niveau socioculturel que politique et économique, du fait que sa démarche s’inscrit dans deux valeurs hautement prisées dans les sociétés inuit : l’ouverture sur le monde et l’exigence de visibilité. Au Nunavut comme ailleurs, Internet permet de partager les expériences individuelles et collectives, en privilégiant la prise de parole. Dans un contexte où la reproductibilité numérique des oeuvres d’art et des savoirs devient aisément accessible, les modes de gestion des droits d’auteur établis dès les années 1950 sont aujourd’hui remis en question alors que de nouvelles préoccupations d’ordre éthique et moral interviennent. Selon une approche théorique et méthodologique empruntée à l’anthropologie, l’ethnolinguistique et l’histoire de l’art, cette note de recherche propose une réflexion sur les enjeux socioculturels inhérents à l’utilisation d’Internet dans le domaine de la création artistique contemporaine de l’Arctique canadien. Axée sur la double question des droits d’auteur et de propriété intellectuelle, la discussion engagée tente de saisir les systèmes de valeurs inuit qui s’y réfèrent, en relation avec la notion de propriété des idées.The access of digital technologies in the Canadian Arctic represents a main asset, on a sociocultural level as well as on a political and economical level, even more important that this step matches with two strong values among Inuit societies : opening to the world and demand of visibility. Internet gives people the opportunity to share their individual and collective experiences giving priority to the word, in Nunavut as elsewhere. When the digital duplication of artworks and knowledge is easily accessible, the management of copyright systems established in the 1950’s are reappraised nowadays, as new concerns about ethics and moral rights occur. Following a theoretical and methodological approach derived from anthropology, ethnolinguistics and history of art, this research note engages a reflection on sociocultural issues that are inherent to the use of Internet within the contemporary artistic domain in the Canadian Arctic. Focusing on the double question of copyright and intellectual property, the discussion aims to understand the system of Inuit values that revolved around it, in connexion with the notion of property of ideas.En el Ártico canadiense, el acceso a las tecnologías digitales representa una ventaja fundamental tanto al nivel sociocultural que político y económico, cuyo enfoque se inscribe en los dos valores altamente apreciados por las sociedades inuit : la apertura al mundo y la exigencia de visibilidad. En Nunavut como en otras partes, Internet permite compartir las experiencias individuales y colectivas, privilegiando el uso de la palabra. En un contexto en donde la reproducción digital de obras de arte y de conocimientos deviene fácilmente accesible, los modos de gestión de los derechos de autor establecidos durante los años 1950 se ven actualmente cuestionados mientras que nuevas preocupaciones de orden ético y moral intervienen. A partir de un enfoque teórico y metodológico tomado de la antropología, la etnolingüística y la historia del arte, esta nota de investigación propone una reflexión sobre los retos socioculturales inherentes a la utilización del Internet en el campo de la creación artística contemporánea en el Ártico canadiense. Teniendo como eje la doble cuestiona de los derechos de autor y de la propiedad intelectual, la discusión trata de cerner los sistemas de valores inuit involucrados, en relaciona a la noción de propiedad de las ideas