An in vivo RNA interference screen identifies gene networks controlling Drosophila melanogaster blood cell homeostasis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In metazoans, the hematopoietic system plays a key role both in normal development and in defense of the organism. In Drosophila, the cellular immune response involves three types of blood cells: plasmatocytes, crystal cells and lamellocytes. This last cell type is barely present in healthy larvae, but its production is strongly induced upon wasp parasitization or in mutant contexts affecting larval blood cell homeostasis. Notably, several zygotic mutations leading to melanotic mass (or "tumor") formation in larvae have been associated to the deregulated differentiation of lamellocytes. To gain further insights into the gene regulatory network and the mechanisms controlling larval blood cell homeostasis, we conducted a tissue-specific loss of function screen using hemocyte-specific Gal4 drivers and <it>UAS-dsRNA </it>transgenic lines.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>By targeting around 10% of the Drosophila genes, this <it>in vivo </it>RNA interference screen allowed us to recover 59 melanotic tumor suppressor genes. In line with previous studies, we show that melanotic tumor formation is associated with the precocious differentiation of stem-cell like blood progenitors in the larval hematopoietic organ (the lymph gland) and the spurious differentiation of lamellocytes. We also find that melanotic tumor formation can be elicited by defects either in the fat body, the embryo-derived hemocytes or the lymph gland. In addition, we provide a definitive confirmation that lymph gland is not the only source of lamellocytes as embryo-derived plasmatocytes can differentiate into lamellocytes either upon wasp infection or upon loss of function of the Friend of GATA cofactor U-shaped.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In this study, we identify 55 genes whose function had not been linked to blood cell development or function before in Drosophila. Moreover our analyses reveal an unanticipated plasticity of embryo-derived plasmatocytes, thereby shedding new light on blood cell lineage relationship, and pinpoint the Friend of GATA transcription cofactor U-shaped as a key regulator of the plasmatocyte to lamellocyte transformation.</p

The response of tropical rainforests to drought : lessons from recent research and future prospects

Key message: we review the recent findings on the influence of drought on tree mortality, growth or ecosystem functioning in tropical rainforests. Drought plays a major role in shaping tropical rainforests and the response mechanisms are highly diverse and complex. The numerous gaps identified here require the international scientific community to combine efforts in order to conduct comprehensive studies in tropical rainforests on the three continents. These results are essential to simulate the future of these ecosystems under diverse climate scenarios and to predict the future of the global earth carbon balance. - Context: tropical rainforest ecosystems are characterized by high annual rainfall. Nevertheless, rainfall regularly fluctuates during the year and seasonal soil droughts do occur. Over the past decades, a number of extreme droughts have hit tropical rainforests, not only in Amazonia but also in Asia and Africa. The influence of drought events on tree mortality and growth or on ecosystem functioning (carbon and water fluxes) in tropical rainforest ecosystems has been studied intensively, but the response mechanisms are complex.- Aims: herein, we review the recent findings related to the response of tropical forest ecosystems to seasonal and extreme droughts and the current knowledge about the future of these ecosystems. - Results: this review emphasizes the progress made over recent years and the importance of the studies conducted under extreme drought conditions or in through-fall exclusion experiments in understanding the response of these ecosystems. It also points to the great diversity and complexity of the response of tropical rainforest ecosystems to drought. - Conclusion: the numerous gaps identified here require the international scientific community to combine efforts in order to conduct comprehensive studies in tropical forest regions. These results are essential to simulate the future of these ecosystems under diverse climate scenarios and to predict the future of the global earth carbon balance

Régulation de l'hématopoïèse par les facteurs de transcription de type GATA et FOG chez la drosophile

La Drosophile produit des cellules sanguines aussi appelées hémocytes qui se rapprochent fonctionnellement des cellules de la lignée myéloïde des vertébrés. On en dénombre trois sortes : les plasmatocytes qui sont apparentées aux macrophages des vertébrés, les cellules à cristaux, qui participent à la coagulation, et les lamellocytes qui ne sont produits que suite à certains challenges immuns et qui participent à l'encapsulation de corps trop gros pour être phagocytés. Le choix de destin, la prolifération et la différenciation des cellules hématopoïétiques sont contrôlés par plusieurs familles de facteurs de transcription conservés de la Drosophile à l'Homme. En particulier, le gène serpent (srp), codant pour un facteur de transcription de type GATA, joue un rôle majeur à différentes étapes du développement des cellules sanguines embryonnaires et larvaires de la Drosophile. En effet, srp est non seulement requis pour la spécification et le maintien des progéniteurs sanguins (prohémocytes) mais il participe aussi à la différenciation des trois lignages hématopoïétiques. Cette diversité de fonction de Srp est notamment assurée par l'interaction avec d'autres partenaires dont le cofacteur de type FOG (Friend of GATA) U-shaped (Ush) qui participe au contrôle de la différenciation des plasmatocytes et des lamellocytes. Enfin un second facteur de transcription de type GATA, Pannier (Pnr), est quant à lui nécessaire à la différenciation et à la maturation des plasmatocytes. L'objectif de ma thèse est de mieux comprendre la fonction et le mode d'action de ces facteurs GATA et FOG dans le contrôle du développement des cellules sanguines larvaires, et en particulier des lamellocytes. Dans un premier temps, une analyse génétique m'a permis d'identifier des rôles spécifiques pour les deux complexes GATA/FOG, Srp/Ush et Pnr/Ush, dans le processus de formation des hémocytes larvaires circulants. Ainsi, mes résultats suggèrent que : 1) le complexe Srp/Ush réprime la prolifération et la différenciation des hémocytes circulants ; 2) Srp participe à la maturation des lamellocytes ; 3) le complexe Pnr/Ush contrôle le maintien de l'identité des plasmatocytes par répression de leur transdifférentiation en lamellocytes ; 4) le complexe Srp/Ush réprime l'expression de pnr, qui est nécessaire à la maturation des plasmatocytes. Il apparait donc que la combinatoire des trois facteurs Srp, Pnr et Ush régule différentes étapes du développement des cellules sanguines larvaires. Dans un second temps, j'ai cherché à mettre à jour les réseaux géniques contrôlés par ces facteurs. Pour cela, j'ai utilisé une lignée de cellules sanguines d'origine larvaire sur laquelle j'ai réalisé des expériences d'immunoprécipitation de chromatine (ChIP-Seq) contre Srp, Pnr et Ush ainsi que des analyses transcriptomiques (RNA-Seq) en condition normale ou de perte de fonction de ush. Mes analyses montrent notamment que Ush participe à l'activation de l'expression de marqueurs des plasmatocytes comme les gènes codant pour les composants de la matrice extracellulaire et à la répression de l'expression de marqueurs des lamellocytes comme les gènes codant pour les récepteurs de la matrice extracellulaire. Ces analyses montrent aussi que Ush régule l'expression de composants de différentes voies de signalisation impliquées dans la formation des lamellocytes tels que shaggy (voie Wnt), wts (voie Hippo) et pi3k21B (voie mTor). Le cofacteur Ush, au travers de ses interactions avec Srp et Pnr, apparait donc comme un acteur central dans la régulation du destin des plasmatocytes et des lamellocytes au cours de l'hématopoïèse chez la Drosophile. L'ensemble de ces résultats apportent une meilleure compréhension des réseaux géniques mis en œuvre lors de la formation des cellules sanguines et notamment du rôle joué par les facteurs GATA et du cofacteur FOG au cours du processus hématopoïétique.Drosophila produces blood cells or hemocytes, which are related to the myeloid lineage of vertebrates. There are three kinds of hemocytes: plasmatocytes are phagocytic cells akin to vertebrate macrophages; crystal cells are involved in the clotting process and lamellocytes are produced after immune challenges like wasp infestation in order to encapsulate objects too large to be phagocytized. Different families of transcription factor conserved from Drosophila to Human finely regulate blood cell fate, proliferation and differentiation. For instance, the GATA transcription factor Serpent (Srp), which plays a key role at different steps of embryonic and larval blood cell development in Drosophila. Indeed, srp is not only required for the specification and maintenance of blood cell progenitors (prohemocytes) but it is also involved in the differentiation of the three hemocyte lineages. This functional diversity is ensured in particular by the interaction with other partners such as the Friend of GATA (FOG) co-factor U-shaped (Ush), which is involved in the control of plasmatocytes differentiation into lamellocytes. Moreover, a second GATA factor, Pannier (Pnr) is necessary to plasmatocytes differentiation and maturation. The purpose of my work is to provide a better understanding of the function and mode of action of these two GATA proteins and of their FOG co-factor during Drosophila blood cell development and in particular for lamellocyte production. At first, a genetic analysis allowed us to identify specific role for each GATA / FOG complex in circulating larval hemocytes. Notably my results suggest that 1) the Srp / Ush complex represses hemocytes proliferation and differentiation; 2) Srp alone participates to lamellocytes maturation; 3) the Pnr / Ush complex maintains plasmatocytes identity by repressing their differentiation into lamellocytes; 4) the Srp / Ush complex represses Pnr expression, which is necessary for plasmatocytes maturation. These data indicate that the combinatorial interplay between Srp, Pnr and Ush participates in the fine-tuning of larval blood cell development. Second, I tried to decipher the gene networks regulated by these three factors. To do so, I used an ex vivo cellular model of larval hemocytes to identify Srp, Pnr and Ush direct target genes by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-Seq) experiments as well as Ush-regulated genes by transcriptomic analyses (RNAseq). My results revealed that Ush participates in the activation of plasmatocytes markers such as extracellular matrix (ECM) components whereas it represses the expression of lamellocytes markers such as ECM receptor. In addition, these analyses allowed us to identify components of different signalling pathway involved in lamellocytes formation that are directly regulated by Ush, including shaggy (Wnt pathway), wts (Hippo pathway) and pi3k21B (mTor pathway). Therefore, it appears that Ush, thanks to its interaction with Srp or Pnr, plays a central role in the regulation of plasmatocyte and lamellocyte fate. All together, these results shed new light on the genetic network involved in blood cell formation and on the role of the GATA / FOG complexes during haematopoiesis

Nutrition minerale de l'asperge : s'adapter aux stades de culture

National audienc

Lack of short-term efficacy of rituximab upon symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis treated for an associated vasculitis.

International audienc

Two Isoforms of serpent Containing Either One or Two GATA Zinc Fingers Provide Functional Diversity During Drosophila Development

International audienceGATA transcription factors play crucial roles in various developmental processes in organisms ranging from flies to humans. In mammals, GATA factors are characterized by the presence of two highly conserved domains, the N-terminal (N-ZnF) and the C-terminal (C-ZnF) zinc fingers. The Drosophila GATA factor Serpent (Srp) is produced in different isoforms that contains either both N-ZnF and C-ZnF (SrpNC) or only the C-ZnF (SrpC). Here, we investigated the functional roles ensured by each of these isoforms during Drosophila development. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique, we generated new mutant fly lines deleted for one ( ΔsrpNC ) or the other ( ΔsrpC ) encoded isoform, and a third one with a single point mutation in the N-ZnF that alters its interaction with its cofactor, the Drosophila FOG homolog U-shaped (Ush). Analysis of these mutants revealed that the Srp zinc fingers are differentially required for Srp to fulfill its functions. While SrpC is essential for embryo to adult viability, SrpNC, which is the closest conserved isoform to that of vertebrates, is not. However, to ensure its specific functions in larval hematopoiesis and fertility, Srp requires the presence of both N- and C-ZnF (SrpNC) and interaction with its cofactor Ush. Our results also reveal that in vivo the presence of N-ZnF restricts rather than extends the ability of GATA factors to regulate the repertoire of C-ZnF bound target genes

A Genome-Wide RNA Interference Screen Identifies a Differential Role of the Mediator CDK8 Module Subunits for GATA/ RUNX-Activated Transcription in Drosophila▿ §

Transcription factors of the RUNX and GATA families play key roles in the control of cell fate choice and differentiation, notably in the hematopoietic system. During Drosophila hematopoiesis, the RUNX factor Lozenge and the GATA factor Serpent cooperate to induce crystal cell differentiation. We used Serpent/Lozenge-activated transcription as a paradigm to identify modulators of GATA/RUNX activity by a genome-wide RNA interference screen in cultured Drosophila blood cells. Among the 129 factors identified, several belong to the Mediator complex. Mediator is organized in three modules plus a regulatory “CDK8 module,” composed of Med12, Med13, CycC, and Cdk8, which has long been thought to behave as a single functional entity. Interestingly, our data demonstrate that Med12 and Med13 but not CycC or Cdk8 are essential for Serpent/Lozenge-induced transactivation in cell culture. Furthermore, our in vivo analysis of crystal cell development show that, while the four CDK8 module subunits control the emergence and the proliferation of this lineage, only Med12 and Med13 regulate its differentiation. We thus propose that Med12/Med13 acts as a coactivator for Serpent/Lozenge during crystal cell differentiation independently of CycC/Cdk8. More generally, we suggest that the set of conserved factors identified herein may regulate GATA/RUNX activity in mammals

Drosophila Mediator Subunit Med1 Is Required for GATA-Dependent Developmental Processes: Divergent Binding Interfaces for Conserved Coactivator Functions

International audienceDNA-bound transcription factors (TFs) governing developmental gene regulation have been proposed to recruit polymerase II machinery at gene promoters through specific interactions with dedicated subunits of the evolutionarily conserved Mediator (MED) complex. However, whether such MED subunit-specific functions and partnerships have been conserved during evolution has been poorly investigated. To address this issue, we generated the first Drosophila melanogaster loss-of-function mutants for Med1, known as a specific cofactor for GATA TFs and hormone nuclear receptors in mammals. We show that Med1 is required for cell proliferation and hematopoietic differentiation depending on the GATA TF Serpent (Srp). Med1 physically binds Srp in cultured cells and in vitro through its conserved GATA zinc finger DNA-binding domain and the divergent Med1 C terminus. Interestingly, GATA-Srp interaction occurs through the longest Med1 isoform, suggesting a functional diversity of MED complex populations. Furthermore, we show that Med1 acts as a coactivator for the GATA factor Pannier during thoracic development. In conclusion, the Med1 requirement for GATA-dependent regulatory processes is a common feature in insects and mammals, although binding interfaces have diverged. Further work in Drosophila should bring valuable insights to fully understand GATA-MED functional partnerships, which probably involve other MED subunits depending on the cellular context

Myeloid leukemia factor is a conserved regulator of RUNX transcription factor activity involved in hematopoiesis

International audienceDefining the function of the genes that, like RUNX1, are deregulated in blood cell malignancies represents an important challenge. Myeloid leukemia factors (MLFs) constitute a poorly characterized family of conserved proteins whose founding member, MLF1, has been associated with acute myeloid leukemia in humans. To gain insight into the functions of this family, we investigated the role of the Drosophila MLF homolog during blood cell development. Here we report that mlf controls the homeostasis of the Drosophila hematopoietic system. Notably, mlf participates in a positive feedback loop to fine tune the activity of the RUNX transcription factor Lozenge (LZ) during development of the crystal cells, one of the two main blood cell lineages in Drosophila. At the molecular level, our data in cell cultures and in vivo strongly suggest that MLF controls the number of crystal cells by protecting LZ from degradation. Remarkably, it appears that the human MLF1 protein can substitute for MLF in the crystal cell lineage. In addition, MLF stabilizes the human oncogenic fusion protein RUNX1-ETO and is required for RUNX1-ETO-induced blood cell disorders in a Drosophila model of leukemia. Finally, using the human leukemic blood cell line Kasumi-1, we show that MLF1 depletion impairs RUNX1-ETO accumulation and reduces RUNX1-ETO-dependent proliferation. Thus, we propose that the regulation of RUNX protein levels is a conserved feature of MLF family members that could be critical for normal and pathological blood cell development