Développement d'une méthode de contrainte des modèles hydrodynamiques par une stratégie d'analyse des données géophysiques ERT : Application aux écoulements de lixiviat dans les massifs de déchets

In France, approximately 25% of the total amount of collected household waste is stored in municipal solid waste landfills (MSWL). To reduce their impact on the environment, the bioreactor concept was studied and tested for more than a decade in Europe. This concept is based on leachate reinjection, which consists in collecting leachate at the bottom of the waste deposit cell and reinjecting it underneath the landfill cover. The optimization of leachate distribution requires tools to design leachate injection systems (LIS) and to assess volumes and flow rates for the reinjection. To design LIS and to improve the understanding of leachate flow in the waste medium, a subsurface flow modelling procedure may be considered. Hydrodynamic models are based on a conceptual approach to represent the porous medium and a mathematical model to describe flow. To simulate an infiltration into a porous medium, the assessment of the hydrodynamic parameters included in the mathematical equations of the model is required. Thus, additional information is needed to constrain hydrodynamic models and to assess hydrodynamic parameters.This thesis focused on the use of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method to constrain hydrodynamic models at the landfill scale. Indeed, many studies have shown that this geophysical method is suitable to study leachate reinjection into the waste landfills. However, this geophysical method does not allow ERT users to directly measure water content and to assess hydrodynamic parameters. In the literature, several authors proposed constraint methods of hydrodynamic models from ERT measurements, based on the use of Archie's law. To avoid the use of this relationship, which seems to be inappropriate for heterogeneous media such as waste, we found relevant to use the infiltration shape obtained on the ERT results to constrain hydrodynamic models.Thus, the aim of this thesis is to improve the understanding of leachate flow by proposing a constraint method of hydrodynamic models using the infiltration shape extracted from ERT measurements.This thesis was divided into three successive steps corresponding to each part of the manuscript. The first part corresponds to a bibliographic study concerning the ERT method and hydrodynamic modelling. The second part aimed at proposing an interpretation methodology to delimitate an infiltration area from the ERT measurements. The third part allowed us to develop a constraint method of hydrodynamic models using the infiltration delimitation obtained from the ERT measurements with the methodology developed in the second part.En France, 25% des déchets ménagers collectés sont stockés en Installation de Stockage de Déchets Non Dangereux (ISDND). Pour réduire leur impact sur l'environnement, le concept d'ISDND gérée en mode « bioréacteur » a été étudié et évalué depuis plus de dix ans en Europe. Ce concept est basé sur la réinjection des lixiviats, qui consiste à collecter les lixiviats en fond de casier et à les réinjecter sous la couverture de surface. L'optimisation de la répartition du lixiviat nécessite d'estimer les volumes et débits de réinjection et de dimensionner les dispositifs. Afin d'optimiser le dimensionnement des dispositifs de réinjection et d'améliorer la compréhension des écoulements de lixiviat dans les déchets, une voie possible est la modélisation hydrodynamique. Un modèle hydrodynamique regroupe une représentation conceptuelle du milieu poreux et un modèle mathématique permettant de décrire les écoulements. Pour simuler une infiltration, il est nécessaire de renseigner les paramètres hydrodynamiques intervenant dans les équations mathématiques du modèle. Des informations complémentaires sur le milieu sont donc requises pour contraindre les modèles hydrodynamiques et évaluer ces paramètres. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la méthode géophysique de la tomographie de résistivité électrique (ERT) afin de contraindre les modèles hydrodynamiques à l'échelle d'un casier de déchets. En effet, de nombreuses études ont montré l'intérêt de cette méthode de mesure pour le suivi de la réinjection de lixiviat dans les massifs de déchets. Cependant, cette méthode ne permet pas de mesurer directement la teneur en eau et d'évaluer les paramètres hydrodynamiques. Dans la littérature, plusieurs auteurs ont proposé des méthodes de contrainte des modèles hydrodynamiques à partir des données ERT, basées sur la loi pétrophysique d'Archie. Afin de s'affranchir de l'utilisation de cette loi, peu adaptée aux milieux hétérogènes comme les déchets, il nous a semblé intéressant d'utiliser la forme de l'infiltration extraite de l'ERT pour contraindre les modèles hydrodynamiques.Ainsi, la problématique de cette thèse est d'améliorer la compréhension des écoulements de lixiviat en proposant une méthode de contrainte des modèles hydrodynamiques à partir de la forme de l'infiltration extraite des données ERT.Pour répondre à cet objectif, le travail de thèse a été divisé en trois étapes successives correspondant à chaque partie du manuscrit. La première partie a été consacrée à une synthèse bibliographique concernant la méthode ERT et la modélisation hydrodynamique. La seconde partie avait pour objectif de proposer une méthodologie permettant de délimiter l'infiltration de lixiviat sur les données ERT. La troisième partie a permis de développer une méthode de contrainte des modèles hydrodynamiques à partir de la délimitation de l'infiltration obtenue d'après les données ERT

Development of a constraint methodology of hydrodynamic models by an analysis of ERT geophysical data : Application to leachate flow in municipal waste landfills

En France, 25% des déchets ménagers collectés sont stockés en Installation de Stockage de Déchets Non Dangereux (ISDND). Pour réduire leur impact sur l'environnement, le concept d'ISDND gérée en mode « bioréacteur » a été étudié et évalué depuis plus de dix ans en Europe. Ce concept est basé sur la réinjection des lixiviats, qui consiste à collecter les lixiviats en fond de casier et à les réinjecter sous la couverture de surface. L'optimisation de la répartition du lixiviat nécessite d'estimer les volumes et débits de réinjection et de dimensionner les dispositifs. Afin d'optimiser le dimensionnement des dispositifs de réinjection et d'améliorer la compréhension des écoulements de lixiviat dans les déchets, une voie possible est la modélisation hydrodynamique. Un modèle hydrodynamique regroupe une représentation conceptuelle du milieu poreux et un modèle mathématique permettant de décrire les écoulements. Pour simuler une infiltration, il est nécessaire de renseigner les paramètres hydrodynamiques intervenant dans les équations mathématiques du modèle. Des informations complémentaires sur le milieu sont donc requises pour contraindre les modèles hydrodynamiques et évaluer ces paramètres. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la méthode géophysique de la tomographie de résistivité électrique (ERT) afin de contraindre les modèles hydrodynamiques à l'échelle d'un casier de déchets. En effet, de nombreuses études ont montré l'intérêt de cette méthode de mesure pour le suivi de la réinjection de lixiviat dans les massifs de déchets. Cependant, cette méthode ne permet pas de mesurer directement la teneur en eau et d'évaluer les paramètres hydrodynamiques. Dans la littérature, plusieurs auteurs ont proposé des méthodes de contrainte des modèles hydrodynamiques à partir des données ERT, basées sur la loi pétrophysique d'Archie. Afin de s'affranchir de l'utilisation de cette loi, peu adaptée aux milieux hétérogènes comme les déchets, il nous a semblé intéressant d'utiliser la forme de l'infiltration extraite de l'ERT pour contraindre les modèles hydrodynamiques.Ainsi, la problématique de cette thèse est d'améliorer la compréhension des écoulements de lixiviat en proposant une méthode de contrainte des modèles hydrodynamiques à partir de la forme de l'infiltration extraite des données ERT.Pour répondre à cet objectif, le travail de thèse a été divisé en trois étapes successives correspondant à chaque partie du manuscrit. La première partie a été consacrée à une synthèse bibliographique concernant la méthode ERT et la modélisation hydrodynamique. La seconde partie avait pour objectif de proposer une méthodologie permettant de délimiter l'infiltration de lixiviat sur les données ERT. La troisième partie a permis de développer une méthode de contrainte des modèles hydrodynamiques à partir de la délimitation de l'infiltration obtenue d'après les données ERT.In France, approximately 25% of the total amount of collected household waste is stored in municipal solid waste landfills (MSWL). To reduce their impact on the environment, the bioreactor concept was studied and tested for more than a decade in Europe. This concept is based on leachate reinjection, which consists in collecting leachate at the bottom of the waste deposit cell and reinjecting it underneath the landfill cover. The optimization of leachate distribution requires tools to design leachate injection systems (LIS) and to assess volumes and flow rates for the reinjection. To design LIS and to improve the understanding of leachate flow in the waste medium, a subsurface flow modelling procedure may be considered. Hydrodynamic models are based on a conceptual approach to represent the porous medium and a mathematical model to describe flow. To simulate an infiltration into a porous medium, the assessment of the hydrodynamic parameters included in the mathematical equations of the model is required. Thus, additional information is needed to constrain hydrodynamic models and to assess hydrodynamic parameters.This thesis focused on the use of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method to constrain hydrodynamic models at the landfill scale. Indeed, many studies have shown that this geophysical method is suitable to study leachate reinjection into the waste landfills. However, this geophysical method does not allow ERT users to directly measure water content and to assess hydrodynamic parameters. In the literature, several authors proposed constraint methods of hydrodynamic models from ERT measurements, based on the use of Archie's law. To avoid the use of this relationship, which seems to be inappropriate for heterogeneous media such as waste, we found relevant to use the infiltration shape obtained on the ERT results to constrain hydrodynamic models.Thus, the aim of this thesis is to improve the understanding of leachate flow by proposing a constraint method of hydrodynamic models using the infiltration shape extracted from ERT measurements.This thesis was divided into three successive steps corresponding to each part of the manuscript. The first part corresponds to a bibliographic study concerning the ERT method and hydrodynamic modelling. The second part aimed at proposing an interpretation methodology to delimitate an infiltration area from the ERT measurements. The third part allowed us to develop a constraint method of hydrodynamic models using the infiltration delimitation obtained from the ERT measurements with the methodology developed in the second part

Suivi des fronts d'infiltration par tomographie de résistivité électrique 3D

International audienceThe electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) geophysical method is commonly used to identify the spatial distribution of electrical resisitivity in the soil at the field scale. Recent progress in commercial acquisition systems allows repeating fast acquisitions (10 min) in order to monitor a 3D dynamic phenomenon. Since the ERT method is sensitive to moisture content variations, it can thus be used to delineate the infiltration shape during water infiltration. In heterogeneous conditions, the 3D infiltration shape is a crucial information because it could differ significantly from the homogeneous behavior. In a first step, the ERT method is validated at small scale ( 10m). Two examples of leachate injection monitoring in municipal solid waste landfills are used to put forward benefits and limitations of the ERT-MICS method. Effective infiltration porosities in a range between 3% and 8% support the assumption of a flow in heterogeneous media

Protéomique et cancer du sein : à la recherche de nouveaux biomarqueurs diagnostiques et théragnostiques

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Compréhension des écoulements dans les centres de stockage de déchets combinaison entre tomographie de résistivité électrique et modélisation hydrodynamique, partie II

International audienceLeachate recirculation is a key process in the operation of municipal solid waste landfills as bioreactors. To ensure optimal water content distribution, bioreactor operators need tools to design leachate injection systems. Prediction of leachate flow by subsurface flow modelling could provide useful information for the design of such systems. However, hydrodynamic models require additional data to constrain them and to assess hydrodynamic parameters. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a suitable method to study leachate infiltration at the landfill scale. It can provide spatially distributed information which is useful for constraining hydrodynamic models. However, this geophysical method does not allow ERT users to directly measure water content in waste. The MICS (multiple inversions and clustering strategy) methodology was proposed to delineate the infiltration area precisely during time-lapse ERT survey in order to avoid the use of empirical petrophysical relationships, which are not adapted to a heterogeneous medium such as waste. The infiltration shapes and hydrodynamic information extracted with MICS were used to constrain hydrodynamic models in assessing parameters. The constraint methodology developed in this paper was tested on two hydrodynamic models: an equilibrium model where, flow within the waste medium is estimated using a single continuum approach and a non-equilibrium model where flow is estimated using a dual continuum approach. The latter represents leachate flows into fractures. Finally, this methodology provides insight to identify the advantages and limitations of hydrodynamic models. Furthermore, we suggest an explanation for the large volume detected by MICS when a small volume of leachate is injected

Geophysical characterization of the vadose zone above an abandoned underground quarry of Chalk

An abandoned underground quarry of Chalk located near Beauvais (France) is of particular interest to study infiltration and dissolution processes in the vadose zone. The presence of permanent underground lakes created by the outcroping water table allows to describe the spatial and temporal variability of groundwater geochemistry within the quarry. Geophysical measurements were carried out at the surface above the quarry to characterize the geometry and the physical properties of the vadose zone and study their influence on the groundwater quality variations. Electromagnetic induction (EMI) mapping performed at the surface provided a spatial description of the thicknesses of soil and clay-with-flints superficial formation covering the Chalk. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) emphasized deeper geological structures along a transect located directly above an underground lake. Finally, the combined use of pressure-wave traveltime tomography and surface-wave profiling along the same transect highlighted strong lateral variations of the Poisson's ratio corresponding to significant water content variations within the clay-with-flints and the Chalk formations

Méthodologie d'interprétation des données de suivi temporel ERT pour le suivi d'une injection de lixiviat basée sur des inversions multiples et une stratégie de classification (MICS)

International audienceLeachate recirculation is a key process in municipal waste landfills functioning as bioreactors. To quantify the water content and to assess the leachate injection system, in-situ methods are required to obtain spatially distributed information, usually electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). This geophysical method is based on the inversion process, which presents two major problems in terms of delimiting the infiltration area. First, it is difficult for ERT users to choose an appropriate inversion parameter set. Indeed, it might not be sufficient to interpret only the optimum model (i.e. the model with the chosen regularisation strength) because it is not necessarily the model which best represents the physical process studied. Second, it is difficult to delineate the infiltration front based on resistivity models because of the smoothness of the inversion results. This paper proposes a new methodology called MICS (multiple inversions and clustering strategy), which allows ERT users to improve the delimitation of the infiltration area in leachate injection monitoring. The MICS methodology is based on (i) a multiple inversion step by varying the inversion parameter values to take a wide range of resistivity models into account and (ii) a clustering strategy to improve the delineation of the infiltration front. In this paper, MICS was assessed on two types of data. First, a numerical assessment allows us to optimise and test MICS for different infiltration area sizes, contrasts and shapes. Second, MICS was applied to a field data set gathered during leachate recirculation on a bioreactor

Influence de la géomembrane sur les mesures ERT en suivi temporel pour le suivi d'injection de lixiviat

International audienceLeachate recirculation is a key process in the operation of municipal waste landfills as bioreactors. To quantify the water content and to evaluate the leachate injection system, in situ methods are required to obtain spatially distributed information, usually electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). However, this method can present false variations in the observations due to several parameters. This study investigates the impact of the geomembrane on ERT measurements. Indeed, the geomembrane tends to be ignored in the inversion process in most previously conducted studies. The presence of the geomembrane can change the boundary conditions of the inversion models, which have classically infinite boundary conditions. Using a numerical modelling approach, the authors demonstrate that a minimum distance is required between the electrode line and the geomembrane to satisfy the good conditions of use of the classical inversion tools. This distance is a function of the electrode line length (i.e. of the unit electrode spacing) used, the array type and the orientation of the electrode line. Moreover, this study shows that if this criterion on the minimum distance is not satisfied, it is possible to significantly improve the inversion process by introducing the complex geometry and the geomembrane location into the inversion tools. These results are finally validated on a field data set gathered on a small municipal solid waste landfill cell where this minimum distance criterion cannot be satisfied

Velocity and celerity dynamics at plot scale inferred from artificial tracing experiments and time-lapse ERT

The relationship between tracer velocities and wave or wetting front celerities is essential to understand water flowing from hillslopes to the stream. The connection between maximum velocity and celerities estimated by means of experimental techniques has not been explored. To assess the pattern of infiltrating water front and dominant flow direction, we performed sprinkling experiments at a trenched plot in the Weierbach catchment in Luxembourg. Maximum velocities and wetting front celerities were inferred at different depths using artificial tracers, soil moisture measurements (TDR), and geophysical techniques. The flow direction was predominantly vertical within the observed plot, with almost no lateral flow observed until depths of 2-3 m; shallow trench flow was intermittent and associated with preferential flow. Average celerity estimates using TDR and geophisical techniques were equal to 707 ± 234 mm h-1 and 971 ± 625 mm h-1, respectively. Vertical maximum velocity estimates were tracer-dependent and had very variable ranges: 109.3 ± 89.3 mm h-1 (Cl-), 177.8 ± 199.1 mm h-1 (Br-), and 604.1 ± 610.7 mm h-1 (Li+). Preferential flow processes were inferred from maximum velocities apparently greater than celerities and scattered trench flow with highly variable tracer concentrations. The high variability between maximum velocities of different tracers indicated a complex pattern of tracer movement through the soil, not captured by celerity values alone. Our study demonstrated the importance to assess both velocities and celerities to understand flow dynamics in response to sprinkling while information on the wetting front alone would have missed important preferential flow processes

Exemple d’utilisation du sondage électrostatique glissant en milieu urbain : la recherche du mur dela ville de l’âge du Bronze de Kition (Larnaca, Chypre)

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