Comparative Study of Methods for Estimating Evapotranspiration Reference in ParanaAba City, Brazil

This study aimed to was evaluating the performance of 30 methods to estimate reference evapotranspiration ET0 to the city of Parana ba Brazil The meteorological data was removed from National Institute of Meteorology on the period of six year March 2008 to February 2014 The method taken as standard was Penman-Monteith-FAO56 and the comparison of results was by the coefficients of determination r coefficients a and b of the linear regressions estimate of standard-error Willmott s index of agreement d Pearson correlation coefficient r and reliable coefficient c The better methods to ET0 estimate was Penman-Original Stephens-Stewart Priestley-Taylor Hicks-Hess Turc Liquid-Radiation Thornthwaite-Modified Temperature-Radiation Penman-FAO24 Abtew and Camargo The Camargo method should be preferred when only air temperatures data have The methods Blaney-Criddle-FAO24 and Hamon should receive calibration for be utilized on the estimate of ET0 in Parana ba cit

UTILIZING SEVAP SOFTWARE TO ESTIMATE THE REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ON THE MINAS GERAIS STATE

Reliable estimates of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) are necessary to address different aspects related to the management of water and environmental resources. Due to the complexity of the equations, there is demand of using software to obtain ET0. There are several models for estimating ET0, each designed for different climatic conditions and which require review before being used in the new region. Therefore, this study aimed to test the SEVAP software with their different methodologies for estimate of ET0 in the Minas Gerais state. The methodologies tested were Hargreaves-Samani, Jensen-Haise, Linacre, Makkink and Priestley-Taylor. The meteorological data needed to perform this work were taken from Standard Climatological (1961-1990) of 50 localities of Minas Gerais, provided by the National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet). The method was taken as the standard Penman-Monteith-FAO56 and comparison of results was by the coefficient of determination (r²), the coefficients "a" and "b" of the linear regression equations, standard error of estimate (ESE), Willmott index of agreement (d), the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and confidence coefficient (c). The SEVAP software showed simplicity in its use and accuracy in the estimate of ET0 in Minas Gerais state. The best methodologies for estimate of the ET0 in Minas Gerais were Pristley-Taylor, Hargreaves-Samani and Linacre. The Hargreaves-Samani method should be preferred and used only when has data of air temperature. The methodologies Jensen-Haise and Makkink should not be used to estimate ET0 in Minas Gerais stat

MENOPAUSA E CÂNCER DE MAMA: RISCOS E PREVENÇÃO

The menopause is a natural period in women's lives, marked by the cessation of menstruation and significant hormonal changes. However, this stage is also associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. This study aims to analyze the risk factors for breast cancer during the menopause and propose effective prevention measures. To achieve this objective, a systematic review of the literature was carried out, including epidemiological studies, clinical trials and recent reviews. Data related to age at menopause, hormone therapy, family history and lifestyle habits were analyzed. In addition, prevention strategies were identified, such as weight control, regular physical activity, healthy eating and mammography screening. The menopause is a critical period for women's health, with increased risks of breast cancer due to hormonal changes. However, awareness and the adoption of preventive measures can significantly reduce this risk. Weight control, physical activity and a balanced diet play essential roles in prevention. In addition, regular mammographic screening in women in the appropriate age group is essential for the early detection of breast cancer.A menopausa é um período natural na vida das mulheres, marcado pela cessação da menstruação e mudanças hormonais significativas. No entanto, esse estágio também está associado a um aumento do risco de câncer de mama. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os fatores de risco do câncer de mama durante a menopausa e propor medidas de prevenção eficazes. Para alcançar esse objetivo, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura, incluindo estudos epidemiológicos, ensaios clínicos e revisões recentes. Foram analisados dados relacionados à idade da menopausa, terapia hormonal, histórico familiar e hábitos de vida. Além disso, foram identificadas estratégias de prevenção, como o controle de peso, atividade física regular, alimentação saudável e rastreamento mamográfico. A menopausa é um período crítico para a saúde da mulher, com riscos aumentados de câncer de mama devido às mudanças hormonais. No entanto, a conscientização e a adoção de medidas preventivas podem reduzir significativamente esse risco. O controle do peso, a prática de atividades físicas e uma dieta equilibrada desempenham papéis essenciais na prevenção. Além disso, o rastreamento mamográfico regular em mulheres na faixa etária apropriada é fundamental para a detecção precoce do câncer de mama

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

Estimate of evapotranspiration of reference on the northern Brazil

The aimed of this study was to evaluate the performance and the calibration methods contained in Sevap software for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET0) for the Northern region of Brazil. The methodologies tested were Hargreaves-Samani, Jensen-Haise, Linacre, Makkink, Priestley & Taylor and Thornthwaite. The meteorological data needed to perform this work were taken from normal climatic (1961-1990) of 47 localities in northern Brazil, provided by the National Institute of Meteorology. The method taken as the standard was the Penman-Monteith FAO-56 and were realized regression analysis between the values obtained with the tested methodologies and values estimated by Sevap software. The calibration equations were performed by using coefficients "a" and "b" of the respective simple linear regression. The comparison of the results was by the coefficient of determination (r2), the coefficients "a" and "b" of the linear regression equations, standard error of estimate (SEE), concordance index of Willmott (d), the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and confidence coefficient (c). Were analyzed the simple correlations between the values of ET0 obtained by the different methods and the measured climatic elements. It was found that the ET0 obtained by Penman-Monteith FAO-56, Jensen-Haise and Makkink were positively correlated with solar radiation. The Hargreaves-Samani and Priestley and Taylor were not showed correlated with any climatic element. The Linacre and Thornthwaite methods were positively correlated with the average and maximum air temperatures. After the calibration of the studied equations, the estimates of different methods were closer to ET0 values by Penman-Monteith. The method of Priestley & Taylor showed better performance than the other methods and can be used for reliable estimation of ET0 in northern Brazil. After being calibrated, the methodologies of Makkink and Jensen-Haise can be used in the estimation of ET0 on the Northern region of Brazil

Estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência na região norte do Brasil

Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar o desempenho e calibrar métodos contidos no software Sevap para estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ET0) para a região Norte do Brasil. As metodologias testadas foram Hargreaves-Samani, Jensen-Haise, Linacre, Makkink, Priestley & Taylor e Thornthwaite. Os dados meteorológicos necessários para execução desse trabalho foram retirados das Normais Climatológicas (1961-1990) de 47 localidades da região Norte do Brasil, disponibilizadas pelo Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (Inmet). O método tomado como padrão foi o Penman-Monteith-FAO 56 e realizaram-se análises de regressão entre os valores obtidos com as metodologias testadas e valores estimados pelo software Sevap. A calibração das equações foi realizada por meio dos coeficientes “a” e “b” das respectivas regressões lineares simples. A comparação dos resultados foi por meio do coeficiente de determinação (r2), dos coeficientes “a” e “b” das equações de regressão linear, erro-padrão da estimativa (EPE), índice de concordância de Willmott (d), coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r) e do coeficiente de confiança (c). Foram analisadas as correlações simples entre os valores de ET0 obtidas pelos diferentes métodos e os elementos climáticos medidos. Verificou-se que a ET0 obtida por Penman-Monteith-FAO 56, Jensen-Haise e Makkink apresentaram correlação positiva com a insolação. Os métodos de Hargreaves-Samani e Priestley & Taylor não apresentaram correlação com nenhum elemento climático. Os métodos de Linacre e Thornthwaite apresentaram correlação positiva com as temperaturas média e máxima do ar. Após a calibração das equações estudadas, as estimativas pelos diferentes métodos foram mais próximas aos valores de ET0 por Penman-Monteith. O método de Priestley & Taylor apresentou melhor desempenho em relação aos demais métodos e pode ser utilizado para estimativa confiável da ET0 na região norte do Brasil. Após serem calibradas, as metodologias de Makkink e Jensen-Haise podem ser utilizadas para estimativa da ET0 na região norte do Brasil.The aimed of this study was to evaluate the performance and the calibration methods contained in Sevap software for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET0) for the Northern region of Brazil. The methodologies tested were Hargreaves-Samani, Jensen-Haise, Linacre, Makkink, Priestley & Taylor and Thornthwaite. The meteorological data needed to perform this work were taken from normal climatic (1961-1990) of 47 localities in northern Brazil, provided by the National Institute of Meteorology. The method taken as the standard was the Penman-Monteith FAO-56 and were realized regression analysis between the values obtained with the tested methodologies and values estimated by Sevap software. The calibration equations were performed by using coefficients "a" and "b" of the respective simple linear regression. The comparison of the results was by the coefficient of determination (r2), the coefficients "a" and "b" of the linear regression equations, standard error of estimate (SEE), concordance index of Willmott (d), the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and confidence coefficient (c). Were analyzed the simple correlations between the values of ET0 obtained by the different methods and the measured climatic elements. It was found that the ET0 obtained by Penman-Monteith FAO-56, Jensen-Haise and Makkink were positively correlated with solar radiation. The Hargreaves-Samani and Priestley and Taylor were not showed correlated with any climatic element. The Linacre and Thornthwaite methods were positively correlated with the average and maximum air temperatures. After the calibration of the studied equations, the estimates of different methods were closer to ET0 values by Penman-Monteith. The method of Priestley & Taylor showed better performance than the other methods and can be used for reliable estimation of ET0 in northern Brazil. After being calibrated, the methodologies of Makkink and Jensen-Haise can be used in the estimation of ET0 on the Northern region of Brazil

Utilizing SEVAP software to estimate the reference evapotranspiration on the Minas Gerais state

Reliable estimates of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) are necessary to address different aspects related to the management of water and environmental resources. Due to the complexity of the equations, there is demand of using software to obtain ET0. There are several models for estimating ET0, each designed for different climatic conditions and which require review before being used in the new region. Therefore, this study aimed to test the SEVAP software with their different methodologies for estimate of ET0 in the Minas Gerais state. The methodologies tested were Hargreaves-Samani, Jensen-Haise, Linacre, Makkink and Priestley-Taylor. The meteorological data needed to perform this work were taken from Standard Climatological (1961-1990) of 50 localities of Minas Gerais, provided by the National Institute of Meteorology (Inmet). The method was taken as the standard Penman-Monteith-FAO56 and comparison of results was by the coefficient of determination (r²), the coefficients "a" and "b" of the linear regression equations, standard error of estimate (ESE), Willmott index of agreement (d), the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and confidence coefficient (c). The SEVAP software showed simplicity in its use and accuracy in the estimate of ET0 in Minas Gerais state. The best methodologies for estimate of the ET0 in Minas Gerais were Pristley-Taylor, Hargreaves-Samani and Linacre. The Hargreaves-Samani method should be preferred and used only when has data of air temperature. The methodologies Jensen-Haise and Makkink should not be used to estimate ET0 in Minas Gerais state

Tallo: A global tree allometry and crown architecture database

Data capturing multiple axes of tree size and shape, such as a tree's stem diameter, height and crown size, underpin a wide range of ecological research—from developing and testing theory on forest structure and dynamics, to estimating forest carbon stocks and their uncertainties, and integrating remote sensing imagery into forest monitoring programmes. However, these data can be surprisingly hard to come by, particularly for certain regions of the world and for specific taxonomic groups, posing a real barrier to progress in these fields. To overcome this challenge, we developed the Tallo database, a collection of 498,838 georeferenced and taxonomically standardized records of individual trees for which stem diameter, height and/or crown radius have been measured. These data were collected at 61,856 globally distributed sites, spanning all major forested and non-forested biomes. The majority of trees in the database are identified to species (88%), and collectively Tallo includes data for 5163 species distributed across 1453 genera and 187 plant families. The database is publicly archived under a CC-BY 4.0 licence and can be access from: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6637599. To demonstrate its value, here we present three case studies that highlight how the Tallo database can be used to address a range of theoretical and applied questions in ecology—from testing the predictions of metabolic scaling theory, to exploring the limits of tree allometric plasticity along environmental gradients and modelling global variation in maximum attainable tree height. In doing so, we provide a key resource for field ecologists, remote sensing researchers and the modelling community working together to better understand the role that trees play in regulating the terrestrial carbon cycle

Tallo: A global tree allometry and crown architecture database.

Funder: Agua Salud ProjectFunder: U.S. Department of Energy; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000015Funder: CAPES; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002322Data capturing multiple axes of tree size and shape, such as a tree's stem diameter, height and crown size, underpin a wide range of ecological research-from developing and testing theory on forest structure and dynamics, to estimating forest carbon stocks and their uncertainties, and integrating remote sensing imagery into forest monitoring programmes. However, these data can be surprisingly hard to come by, particularly for certain regions of the world and for specific taxonomic groups, posing a real barrier to progress in these fields. To overcome this challenge, we developed the Tallo database, a collection of 498,838 georeferenced and taxonomically standardized records of individual trees for which stem diameter, height and/or crown radius have been measured. These data were collected at 61,856 globally distributed sites, spanning all major forested and non-forested biomes. The majority of trees in the database are identified to species (88%), and collectively Tallo includes data for 5163 species distributed across 1453 genera and 187 plant families. The database is publicly archived under a CC-BY 4.0 licence and can be access from: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6637599. To demonstrate its value, here we present three case studies that highlight how the Tallo database can be used to address a range of theoretical and applied questions in ecology-from testing the predictions of metabolic scaling theory, to exploring the limits of tree allometric plasticity along environmental gradients and modelling global variation in maximum attainable tree height. In doing so, we provide a key resource for field ecologists, remote sensing researchers and the modelling community working together to better understand the role that trees play in regulating the terrestrial carbon cycle

Tallo database

The Tallo database (v1.0.0) is a collection of 498,838 georeferenced and taxonomically standardized records of individual trees for which stem diameter, height and/or crown radius have been measured. Data were compiled from 61,856 globally distributed sites and include measurements for 5,163 tree species. For a full description of the database, see: Jucker et al. (2022) Tallo – a global tree allometry and crown architecture database. Global Change Biology, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16302. If using the Tallo database in your work please cite the original publication listed above, as well as this repository using the corresponding DOI (10.5281/zenodo.6637599)