Les « singes de Rabelais » transfictionnalité et postérité littéraire de l'oeuvre rabelaisienne (1532-1619)

« L'oeuvre de Rabelais connaît, dès la parution de Pantagruel en 1532, une postérité exceptionnelle, qui lui attire autant d'éloges que de blâmes de la part de ses contemporains. Au-delà de cette réception critique, elle est également l'objet d'un phénomène d'imitation d'une ampleur considérable, puisque l'on retrouve, chez la majorité des auteurs de l'époque, des réminiscences du corpus rabelaisien. Entre 1532 et 1619, il existe toute une série de singes de Rabelais dont les oeuvres s'inscrivent dans trois grandes tendances imitatives. La première correspond à un ensemble d'écrits entretenant une relation d'émulation explicite avec la chronique pantagruéline, qu'il s'agisse de pasticher les genres littéraires dont elle relève ou encore d'en proposer une expansion transfictionnelle. D'autres auteurs offrent, dans ce que l'on peut identifier comme une deuxième tendance, des productions littéraires originales dans lesquelles il est possible de relever un nombre significatif d'emprunts à l'oeuvre de Rabelais, ou tentent de placer sous son égide des ouvrages apocryphes, par le biais de mises en scènes éditoriales. Certains autres singes, relevant de la troisième tendance, ont choisi de faire de Rabelais une autorité narrative, que ce soit dans le domaine de la Querelle des femmes, dans celui de la science, ou encore dans le contexte des conflits religieux et politiques qui déchiraient alors l'Europe. Ces ouvrages sont autant de jalons de la réception de Rabelais qui permettent de mettre en lumière les relations intertextuelles, souvent polyphoniques, qui unissent le corpus rabelaisien et pararabelaisien, et de mieux comprendre comment son oeuvre est lue et comprise à son époque.-- Mots-clés : littérature française, Renaissance, singes, imitation, continuation, transfictionnalité, réception, Rabelais, Pantagruel.

Le processus d’ouverture des écoles publiques alternatives québécoises : perceptions des groupes fondateurs sur la gestion de ce changement

© Editions l’HarmattanCette recherche, réalisée dans le cadre d’une maîtrise en administration de l’éducation, s’intéresse aux conditions qui entourent la fondation d’écoles alternatives au Québec. Selon nos observations et des discussions avec diverses personnes du mouvement québécois de l’éducation alternative, ces «écoles différentes» rencontrent en effet parfois des résistances lors de leur création. Après avoir brièvement situé ces écoles par rapport au contexte québécois, cette problématique sera présentée, de même que les éléments théoriques permettant de classer les facteurs qui favorisent ou contraignent les démarches des parents auprès des commissions scolaires, tels que perçus par les parents initiateurs de ces demandes. Des entrevues menées auprès de parents ayant travaillé à l’ouverture de dix écoles font ressortir que la progression de ces demandes de changement est influencée par des facteurs individuels, organisationnels et de l’ordre de la mise en œuvre du changement. On y retrouve également les tensions entre le sujet et l’institution décrites par les principes d’exception, d’ignorance et d’opacité. Ces résultats préliminaires suggèrent des pistes de compréhension et d’action, autant pour les parents que pour les acteurs de l’institution

Accompagner le personnel enseignant dans les choix d’utilisation d’une ressource technopédagogique : Un questionnement technopédagogique utile à l’intégration des technologies en enseignement dans les programmes d’études au collégial

À l’heure où la pertinence de l’intégration des TIC en éducation n’est plus à démontrer, la difficulté de faire valoir ces technologies auprès du personnel enseignant demeure un constat fréquent. Cette réticence à les inclure dans l’axe enseignement-apprentissage prend différentes formes, la première étant l’impression d’une inefficacité pédagogique. En effet, malgré l’existence d’outils technopédagogiques novateurs, ces derniers sont encore peu utilisés, l’enseignement magistral demeurant encore la méthode privilégiée. Or, innover signifie être en rupture avec des habitudes, avec des modèles bien ancrés et éprouvés. Par conséquent, comment favoriser cette rupture avec l’approche traditionnelle dominante auprès des enseignantes et enseignants ? L’expérimentation que nous avons réalisée auprès de trois groupes de participants composés d’enseignants et de conseillers pédagogiques de l’ordre collégial* dont cet article rend compte, nous permet de proposer une façon d’y arriver en stimulant un questionnement intégrant les dimensions liées aux connaissances disciplinaires et à la pédagogie, à l’instar du cadre de référence appelé le TPaCK (Mishra et Koehler, 2006). Les collectes de données se sont déroulées en juin 2013 et en février 2014. Grâce à cet exercice, un répertoire de ressources numériques technopédagogiques a non seulement été créé, mais la pertinence d’un outil réflexif favorisant l’identification et l’intégration des technologies dans l’enseignement a également été évaluée. L’analyse des scénarios identifiés a permis de tirer quelques constats et recommandations permettant d’optimiser l’utilisation du TPaCK.* L’ordre collégial au Québec fait partie, au même titre que l’ordre universitaire, de l’enseignement supérieur et correspond à la dernière ou aux deux années de lycée français et à une année préuniversitaire.At a time when the relevance of ICT integration in education is well established, there remains the difficulty of promoting such technologies among teachers. This reluctance on the teachers’ part to include these technologies in the teaching-learning continuum takes various forms, beginning with their impression of its being an ineffective pedagogy. Indeed, despite the existence of innovative pedagogical tools promoting digital education, these tools are still little used, and lectures remain the preferred method of instruction. Innovation means breaking with habits and with well-entrenched, proven models. Consequently, how can this change be promoted among teachers? The experimentation we carried out with three groups of participants composed of college-level teachers and pedagogical counsellors [1] on which this article reports, enables us to propose a solution by integrating into their questioning the didactic and pedagogical dimensions, as in the TPACK framework (Mishra and Koehler, 2006). Data collection took place in June 2013 and February 2014.This exercise not only helped create a directory of techno-pedagogical resources, it also allowed for the evaluation of a reflective tool that promotes the identification and integration of technologies in teaching. The analysis of the resources identified gave rise to some observations and recommendations for optimizing the use of TPACK

Accompanying People Affected by Cancer in Their Return to Life After Treatment: A Report on an Experiment Conducted in Canada

This study aims to assess family doctors\u27 perceived needs for improved patient follow-up post-acute treatment in oncology departments, specifically focusing on the Patient Oriented Discharge Summary (PODS) for individuals living with cancer. A cross-sectional quantitative survey targeted family doctors, and a before/after exploratory study was conducted with patients to measure their needs pre- and post-PODS implementation. Twenty-one out of 42 family doctors participated in the survey (50%). Patient data was collected at three points in time: prior to PODS implementation (T1, n = 20/30; 77%), one month later (T2, n = 20/26; 77%), and six months later (T3, n = 21/28; 75%). Descriptive statistics were used for all inquiries. Results revealed that 52.24% of family doctors lacked information from oncology teams about patient treatments and their progress, while 90.48% received no guidance on monitoring patients for symptoms or necessary tests once treatment was completed, despite everyone expressing the desire to perform such monitoring. Family doctors recommended using standardized sheets with patient information (47%), details of side effects (41%), and post-treatment follow-up plans (12%). At T1, 60% of patients received the necessary information, at T2 95% and 81% at T3. Regarding instructions provided to family caregivers, satisfaction levels were 40% at T1, 90% at T2, and 62% at T3. The study underscores the imperative of enhancing communication between oncology specialists and family physicians, facilitating the latter\u27s follow-up of patients completing acute treatment. It also highlights the need for patients to be adequately prepared for the transition through effective use and sustained use of PODS

Percent Fat Mass Increases with Recovery, But Does Not Vary According to Dietary Therapy in Young Malian Children Treated for Moderate Acute Malnutrition.

BackgroundModerate acute malnutrition (MAM) affects 34.1 million children globally. Treatment effectiveness is generally determined by the amount and rate of weight gain. Body composition (BC) assessment provides more detailed information on nutritional stores and the type of tissue accrual than traditional weight measurements alone.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the change in percentage fat mass (%FM) and other BC parameters among young Malian children with MAM according to receipt of 1 of 4 dietary supplements, and recovery status at the end of the 12-wk intervention period.MethodsBC was assessed using the deuterium oxide dilution method in a subgroup of 286 children aged 6-35 mo who participated in a 12-wk community-based, cluster-randomized effectiveness trial of 4 dietary supplements for the treatment of MAM: 1) lipid-based, ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF); 2) special corn-soy blend "plus plus" (CSB++); 3) locally processed, fortified flour (MI); or 4) locally milled flours plus oil, sugar, and micronutrient powder (LMF). Multivariate linear regression modeling was used to evaluate change in BC parameters by treatment group and recovery status.ResultsMean ± SD %FM at baseline was 28.6% ± 5.32%. Change in %FM did not vary between groups. Children who received RUSF vs. MI gained more (mean; 95% CI) weight (1.43; 1.13, 1.74 kg compared with 0.84; 0.66, 1.03 kg; P = 0.02), FM (0.70; 0.45, 0.96 kg compared with 0.20; 0.05, 0.36 kg; P = 0.01), and weight-for-length z score (1.23; 0.79, 1.54 compared with 0.49; 0.34, 0.71; P = 0.03). Children who recovered from MAM exhibited greater increases in all BC parameters, including %FM, than children who did not recover.ConclusionsIn this study population, children had higher than expected %FM at baseline. There were no differences in %FM change between groups. International BC reference data are needed to assess the utility of BC assessment in community-based management of acute malnutrition programs. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01015950

Simulation of gait asymmetry and energy transfer efficiency between unilateral and bilateral amputees

Efficient walking or running requires symmetrical gait. Gait symmetry is one of the key factors in efficient human dynamics, kinematics and kinetics. The desire of individuals with a lower-limb amputation to participate in sports has resulted in the development of energy-storing and-returning (ESR) feet. This paper analyses a case study to show the effect of symmetry and asymmetry as well as energy transfer efficiency during periodic jumping between simulated bilateral and unilateral runners. A custom gait analysis system is developed as part of this project to track the motion of the body of a physically active subject during a set of predefined motions. Stance and aerial times are accurately measured using a high speed camera. Gait frequency, the level of symmetry and the non-uniform displacement between left and right foot and their effects on the position of the Centre of Mass (CM) were used as criteria to calculate both peak energies and transformation efficiency. Gait asymmetry and discrepancy of energy transfer efficiency between the intact foot and the ESR are observed. It is concluded that unilateral runners require excessive effort to compensate for lack of symmetry as well as asymmetry in energy transfer, causing fatigue which could be a reason why bilateral amputee runners using ESR feet have a superior advantage over unilateral amputees

The genetic interaction network of CCW12, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene required for cell wall integrity during budding and formation of mating projections

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mannoproteins construct the outer cover of the fungal cell wall. The covalently linked cell wall protein Ccw12p is an abundant mannoprotein. It is considered as crucial structural cell wall component since in baker's yeast the lack of <it>CCW12 </it>results in severe cell wall damage and reduced mating efficiency.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In order to explore the function of <it>CCW12</it>, we performed a Synthetic Genetic Analysis (SGA) and identified genes that are essential in the absence of <it>CCW12</it>. The resulting interaction network identified 21 genes involved in cell wall integrity, chitin synthesis, cell polarity, vesicular transport and endocytosis. Among those are <it>PFD1</it>, <it>WHI3</it>, <it>SRN2</it>, <it>PAC10</it>, <it>FEN1 </it>and <it>YDR417C</it>, which have not been related to cell wall integrity before. We correlated our results with genetic interaction networks of genes involved in glucan and chitin synthesis. A core of genes essential to maintain cell integrity in response to cell wall stress was identified. In addition, we performed a large-scale transcriptional analysis and compared the transcriptional changes observed in mutant <it>ccw12</it>Δ with transcriptomes from studies investigating responses to constitutive or acute cell wall damage. We identified a set of genes that are highly induced in the majority of the mutants/conditions and are directly related to the cell wall integrity pathway and cell wall compensatory responses. Among those are <it>BCK1</it>, <it>CHS3</it>, <it>EDE1</it>, <it>PFD1</it>, <it>SLT2 </it>and <it>SLA1 </it>that were also identified in the SGA. In contrast, a specific feature of mutant <it>ccw12</it>Δ is the transcriptional repression of genes involved in mating. Physiological experiments substantiate this finding. Further, we demonstrate that Ccw12p is present at the cell periphery and highly concentrated at the presumptive budding site, around the bud, at the septum and at the tip of the mating projection.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The combination of high throughput screenings, phenotypic analyses and localization studies provides new insight into the function of Ccw12p. A compensatory response, culminating in cell wall remodelling and transport/recycling pathways is required to buffer the loss of <it>CCW12</it>. Moreover, the enrichment of Ccw12p in bud, septum and mating projection is consistent with a role of Ccw12p in preserving cell wall integrity at sites of active growth.</p> <p>The microarray data produced in this analysis have been submitted to NCBI GEO database and GSE22649 record was assigned.</p

Children’s and adolescents’ rising animal-source food intakes in 1990–2018 were impacted by age, region, parental education and urbanicity

Animal-source foods (ASF) provide nutrition for children and adolescents’ physical and cognitive development. Here, we use data from the Global Dietary Database and Bayesian hierarchical models to quantify global, regional and national ASF intakes between 1990 and 2018 by age group across 185 countries, representing 93% of the world’s child population. Mean ASF intake was 1.9 servings per day, representing 16% of children consuming at least three daily servings. Intake was similar between boys and girls, but higher among urban children with educated parents. Consumption varied by age from 0.6 at <1 year to 2.5 servings per day at 15–19 years. Between 1990 and 2018, mean ASF intake increased by 0.5 servings per week, with increases in all regions except sub-Saharan Africa. In 2018, total ASF consumption was highest in Russia, Brazil, Mexico and Turkey, and lowest in Uganda, India, Kenya and Bangladesh. These findings can inform policy to address malnutrition through targeted ASF consumption programmes.publishedVersio

Incident type 2 diabetes attributable to suboptimal diet in 184 countries

The global burden of diet-attributable type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well established. This risk assessment model estimated T2D incidence among adults attributable to direct and body weight-mediated effects of 11 dietary factors in 184 countries in 1990 and 2018. In 2018, suboptimal intake of these dietary factors was estimated to be attributable to 14.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 13.8–14.4 million) incident T2D cases, representing 70.3% (68.8–71.8%) of new cases globally. Largest T2D burdens were attributable to insufficient whole-grain intake (26.1% (25.0–27.1%)), excess refined rice and wheat intake (24.6% (22.3–27.2%)) and excess processed meat intake (20.3% (18.3–23.5%)). Across regions, highest proportional burdens were in central and eastern Europe and central Asia (85.6% (83.4–87.7%)) and Latin America and the Caribbean (81.8% (80.1–83.4%)); and lowest proportional burdens were in South Asia (55.4% (52.1–60.7%)). Proportions of diet-attributable T2D were generally larger in men than in women and were inversely correlated with age. Diet-attributable T2D was generally larger among urban versus rural residents and higher versus lower educated individuals, except in high-income countries, central and eastern Europe and central Asia, where burdens were larger in rural residents and in lower educated individuals. Compared with 1990, global diet-attributable T2D increased by 2.6 absolute percentage points (8.6 million more cases) in 2018, with variation in these trends by world region and dietary factor. These findings inform nutritional priorities and clinical and public health planning to improve dietary quality and reduce T2D globally.publishedVersio

Incident type 2 diabetes attributable to suboptimal diet in 184 countries

The global burden of diet-attributable type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well established. This risk assessment model estimated T2D incidence among adults attributable to direct and body weight-mediated effects of 11 dietary factors in 184 countries in 1990 and 2018. In 2018, suboptimal intake of these dietary factors was estimated to be attributable to 14.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 13.8–14.4 million) incident T2D cases, representing 70.3% (68.8–71.8%) of new cases globally. Largest T2D burdens were attributable to insufficient whole-grain intake (26.1% (25.0–27.1%)), excess refined rice and wheat intake (24.6% (22.3–27.2%)) and excess processed meat intake (20.3% (18.3–23.5%)). Across regions, highest proportional burdens were in central and eastern Europe and central Asia (85.6% (83.4–87.7%)) and Latin America and the Caribbean (81.8% (80.1–83.4%)); and lowest proportional burdens were in South Asia (55.4% (52.1–60.7%)). Proportions of diet-attributable T2D were generally larger in men than in women and were inversely correlated with age. Diet-attributable T2D was generally larger among urban versus rural residents and higher versus lower educated individuals, except in high-income countries, central and eastern Europe and central Asia, where burdens were larger in rural residents and in lower educated individuals. Compared with 1990, global diet-attributable T2D increased by 2.6 absolute percentage points (8.6 million more cases) in 2018, with variation in these trends by world region and dietary factor. These findings inform nutritional priorities and clinical and public health planning to improve dietary quality and reduce T2D globally