Editorial

Mirada. Hemos hecho en este número la mirada del dibujante, atenta, despaciosa y concentrada para intentar delinear la realidad poética del país en parte, porque nunca se abarcaría la totalidad ni de esta ni de ninguna de las poesías nacionales o regionales. Siempre escaparán algunas líneas, voces, en este caso.Look. In this issue we have made the look of the cartoonist, attentive, slow and concentrated to try to delineate the poetic reality of the country in part, because it would never cover the totality of this or any of the national or regional poetry. Some lines, voices, in this case

Ground Truth Spanish Automatic Extractive Text Summarization Bounds

The textual information has accelerated growth in the most spoken languages by native Internet users, such as Chinese, Spanish, English, Arabic, Hindi, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, among others. It is necessary to innovate the methods of Automatic Text Summarization (ATS) that can extract essential information without reading the entire text. The most competent methods are Extractive ATS (EATS) that extract essential parts of the document (sentences, phrases, or paragraphs) to compose a summary. During the last 60 years of research of EATS, the creation of standard corpus with human-generated summaries and evaluation methods which are highly correlated with human judgments help to increase the number of new state-of-the-art methods. However, these methods are mainly supported for the English language, leaving aside other equally important languages such as Spanish, which is the second most spoken language by natives and the third most used on the Internet. A standard corpus for Spanish EATS (SAETS) is created to evaluate the state-of-the-art methods and systems for the Spanish language. The main contribution consists of a proposal for configuration and evaluation of 5 state-ofthe-art methods, five systems and four heuristics using three evaluation methods (ROUGE, ROUGE-C, and Jensen-Shannon divergence). It is the first time that Jensen-Shannon divergence is used to evaluate AETS. In this paper the ground truth bounds for the Spanish language are presented, which are the heuristics baseline:first, baseline:random, topline and concordance. In addition, the ranking of 30 evaluation tests of the state-of-the-art methods and systems is calculated that forms a benchmark for SAETS

Detección de ideas principales y composición de resúmenes en inglés, español, portugués y ruso. 60 años de investigación

Detección de ideas principales y composición de resúmenes en inglés, español, portugués y ruso. 60 años de investigación, es un libro que puede ser leído por cualquier persona. Sin embargo, al ser un texto que presenta una tarea de Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural (PLN) está más enfocado a investigadores, estudiantes de posgrado, estudiantes de doctorado, ingenieros y para todos los interesados en problemas del PLN y generación del conocimiento. Entre las aportaciones que se destacan de este libro están: el reporte de seis pruebas del Test de Turing, con lo que se demuestra que una máquina puede engañar a un humano y presentar un resumen mejor que el realizado por éste; la integración y el reporte de los métodos novedosos desarrollados hasta el momentos; la comparación con los sistemas, la integración y reporte en español y ruso de la GART, ya que para estos lenguajes no se tenía una pesquisa formal y, finalmente, los resultados mostrados son una fuente de referencia para saber en qué punto está la investigación de la GART en los cuatro lenguajes.Detección de ideas principales y composición de resúmenes en inglés, español, portugués y ruso. 60 años de investigación es un libro que aborda la tarea de generación automática de resúmenes desde la perspectiva cualitativa y cuantitativa. Primero se presentan los resultados de las pruebas de los test de Turing realizados a las máquinas que actualmente generan resúmenes de forma automática en los lenguajes más hablados y escritos: inglés, español, portugués y ruso, para saber si un resumen hecho por una máquina tiene la calidad para confundir a un humano y que no se dé cuenta que el resumen lo hizo una máquina. Posteriormente, se presenta la integración y el reporte cuantitativo de los métodos novedosos desarrollados hasta el momento y la comparación con los sistemas que generan resúmenes automáticos. El libro está escrito en un lenguaje muy accesible por lo que cualquier persona puede leerlo, ya que a pesar de utilizar en algunas partes lenguaje técnico, éste se explica y se da el significado de cada término.Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Méxic

Evaluation of enzymatic extract with lipase activity of yarrowia lipolytica. An application of data mining for the food industry wastewater treatment

The object of this research was to obtain the Crude Enzymatic Extract (CEE) of Yarrowia lipolytica ATCC 9773, in the medium of 30% Water of Sales (SW) applying a biologically treatment to three different concentrations yeast inoculum food wastewater, collected from cheese and whey production. It was evaluated the behavior of the inoculum in a suitable medium that stimulates lipids biodegradation. The standard liquid-liquid partition method SM 5520 B was used to quantify fat and oil removal for each concentration of yeast, before treatment and post treatment. The Industrial Fat effluent was characterized by physical chemical patterns, and two treatments were evaluated; Treatment 1 consisted of pH 5.0 and treatment 2 with a pH of 6.5, both with the following characteristics; Concentration of inoculum 8% 12% and 16% at 27 °C temperature and evaluation time 32 h. The best results (2.702 mg/L fat and 83% degradation oil) were found to be pH 5.0, 16% concentration and 27 °C, BOD5, and COD decreased by 43.07% and 44.35%, respectively during the 32 h; For pH 6.5, 8% concentration at 32 h and at room temperature, degraded 2.177 mg/L fat and oil (67% degradation); The BOD5, and COD decreased by 37.93% and 39.19%, in the same time span. The treatment at pH 5.0 inoculum concentration of 16% was effective in removing 83% of the volume of fats and oil in the effluent, representing a useful tool for the wastewater treatment

Occupational Toluene Exposure Induces Cytochrome P450 2E1 mRNA Expression in Peripheral Lymphocytes

Print workers are exposed to organic solvents, of which the systemic toxicant toluene is a main component. Toluene induces expression of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), an enzyme involved in its own metabolism and that of other protoxicants, including some procarcinogens. Therefore, we investigated the association between toluene exposure and the CYP2E1 response, as assessed by mRNA content in peripheral lymphocytes or the 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone (6OH-CHZ)/chlorzoxazone (CHZ) quotient (known as CHZ metabolic ratio) in plasma, and the role of genotype (5′-flanking region RsaI/PstI polymorphic sites) in 97 male print workers. The geometric mean (GM) of toluene concentration in the air was 52.80 ppm (10–760 ppm); 54% of the study participants were exposed to toluene concentrations that exceeded the maximum permissible exposure level (MPEL). The GM of urinary hippuric acid at the end of a work shift (0.041 g/g creatinine) was elevated relative to that before the shift (0.027 g/g creatinine; p < 0.05). The GM of the CHZ metabolic ratio was 0.33 (0–9.3), with 40% of the subjects having ratios below the GM. However, the average CYP2E1 mRNA level in peripheral lymphocytes was 1.07 (0.30–3.08), and CYP2E1 mRNA levels within subjects correlated with the toluene exposure ratio (environmental toluene concentration:urinary hippuric acid concentration) (p = 0.014). Genotype did not alter the association between the toluene exposure ratio and mRNA content. In summary, with further validation, CYP2E1 mRNA content in peripheral lymphocytes could be a sensitive and noninvasive biomarker for the continuous monitoring of toluene effects in exposed persons

The Role of Molecular Biology in the Biomonitoring of Human Exposure to Chemicals

Exposure to different substances in an occupational environment is of utmost concern to global agencies such as the World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization. Interest in improving work health conditions, particularly of those employees exposed to noxious chemicals, has increased considerably and has stimulated the search for new, more specific and selective tests. Recently, the field of molecular biology has been indicated as an alternative technique for monitoring personnel while evaluating work-related pathologies. Originally, occupational exposure to environmental toxicants was assessed using biochemical techniques to determine the presence of higher concentrations of toxic compounds in blood, urine, or other fluids or tissues; results were used to evaluate potential health risk. However, this approach only estimates the presence of a noxious chemical and its effects, but does not prevent or diminish the risk. Molecular biology methods have become very useful in occupational medicine to provide more accurate and opportune diagnostics. In this review, we discuss the role of the following common techniques: (1) Use of cell cultures; (2) evaluation of gene expression; (3) the “omic” sciences (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) and (4) bioinformatics. We suggest that molecular biology has many applications in occupational health where the data can be applied to general environmental conditions

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals &lt;1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

La enseñanza de la medida de longitud en educación indígena

Licenciatura en Educación Primaria para el Medio Indígen