The practices of English in Indonesian secondary education: A sequential explanatory study

A growing body of literature on need analysis research has been carried out in indifference areas in various countries around the world. However, need analysis study in Indonesian vocational settings situated in marketing programs is still in its infancy. This article aimed at exploring participants’ angles toward the participants’ ESP Target Needs in the marketing program at a private Vocational High School (VHS) in East Java, Indonesia. By adapting Hutchinson & Waters' (1987) frameworks, this sequential explanatory mixed-methods (Creswell, 2014, 2018) employed a web-based questionnaire and a series of semi-structured interviews as the instruments. A web-based questionnaire consisting of 9 items: 2 items asking about wants, 2 items asking about necessities, and 5 items asking about lacks was administered to 15 participants who consented to take part in the recent study. Additionally, there were 3 areas of a series of semi-structured interviews exploring participants’ and the English teachers’ feelings about their wants, necessities, and lacks. A descriptive statistical method using SPSS v.25 was used to analyze the quantitative data, whereas thematic analysis proposed by Widodo (2014) was employed to analyze the qualitative data. The findings indicated that there were various perceptions related to their English target needs. Conclusions, limitations, and recommendations were then discussed.Keywords: English specific purposes (ESP); marketing program; need analysis; target needs; vocational high school (VHS

Signal transduction and cytoskeletal responses in the pathogenesis of attaching and effacing bacterial infection

grantor: University of TorontoAdhesion of bacteria to host epithelial cells is a critical primary step in the pathogenesis of diarrheal disease. Bacteria demonstrating attaching and effacing (AE) adhesion include enteropathogenic 'Escherichia coli ' (EPEC), Verocytotoxin-producing 'E. coli' (VTEC), and certain isolates of 'Hafnia alvei'. The AE lesion is characterized by focal destruction of microvilli followed by intimate contact between the bacteria and the host membrane with recruitment of underlying cytoskeletal elements. By immunofluorescence microscopy, it was shown that detection of Ã-actinin, an actin binding and crosslinking protein, accumulation in infected epithelial cells is a consistent and specific manifestation of AE response. Therefore, the detection of Ã-actinin in eukaryotic cells could serve as a reliable and non-toxic alternative to fluorescent F-actin staining test utilizing phalloidin, a highly toxic mushroom-derived poison, to detect AE bacteria. Selected signal transduction responses to VTEC O157:H7 infection were examined. Similar to EPEC, VTEC infection of epithelial cells leads to an activation of phoshatidylinositol cascade as determined by elevations in inositol trisphosphate and release of intracellular Ca2+. In contrast to EPEC, multiple VTEC O157:H7 strains consistently failed to induce a detectable phosphotyrosine response. However, the phosphotyrosine response and the ability of VTEC to induce their internalization into ion into non-phagocytic cells, an event dependent on tyrosine phosphorylation, could be induced in VTEC-infected cells if coinfected with an EPEC. Using recombinant laboratory 'E. coli' overexpressing intiminO157, and double immunofluorescence labeling, it was demonstrated that VTEC can signal for the accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins in the absence of phosphotyrosine response. Taken together, these findings show that VTEC O157:H7 pathogenesis may involve signal transduction pathways distinct from those induced by EPEC. Eleven Canadian clinical isolates of 'H. alvei' were examined for the AE characteristics. These organisms failed to induce cytoskeletal rearrangement or form AE lesions. None of the organisms possessed the ' eae' gene. These results demonstrate that not all diarrheagenic ' H. alvei' are AE. Together with profiles of outer membrane protein extracts, chromosomal macrorestriction fragments and plasmids, these findings indicate that there is heterogeneity in phenotypic and genotypic characteristics among strains of 'H. alvei'.Ph.D

Bacterial Adherence to Plant and Animal Surfaces Via Adhesin-Lipid Interactions

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