Evaluación agroecológica del uso y destino ambiental de plaguicidas en sistemas de producción de tomate de Boyacá y Santander en Colombia

El tomate es una hortaliza de alto consumo a nivel mundial que hace parte de la canasta básica de los colombianos. Los sistemas productivos predominantes son convencionales a campo abierto o bajo invernadero, con manejo fitosanitario basado en plaguicidas de síntesis química. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el uso y destino ambiental de plaguicidas en dos regiones productoras de tomate, con el fin de estimar los riesgos asociados bajo un enfoque agroecológico. Las zonas de estudio fueron regiones de Santander y Boyacá, productoras a campo abierto y bajo invernadero, respectivamente. Mediante 252 encuestas semi-estructuradas se caracterizó cada sistema de producción icluyendo aspectos socioeconómicos y fitosanitarios; por medio de 392 muestras compuestas se determinó el destino ambiental de plaguicidas; se evaluó el riesgo ambiental incluyendo el riesgo ecológico y el riesgo de consumo, este último con 696 muestras de frutos de las regiones de estudio y Bogotá, además se integró la percepción de los actores mediante 134 encuestas semi-estructuradas y se propusieron soluciones alternativas desde la agroecología. Como resultado, se determinó un manejo químico predominante con uso excesivo e inadecuado con 129 principios activos diferentes, principalmente insecticidas y fungicidas. Se detectaron residuos de 22 plaguicidas en frutos, hojas y suelo, siendo comunes en compartimientos y regiones dimetomorf, metomilo y tiociclam, no hubo detecciones en aguas ni sedimentos. Existe riesgo ecológico sobre especies terrestres y acuáticas, afectando servicios ecosistémicos. También se evidenció riesgo en la salud humana por ingesta de tomate con carbofuran, indoxacarb, difenoconazol y hexaconazol. Se superaron los Límites Máximos de Residuos-LMR en frutos. Los actores no perciben claramente el riesgo generado y su exposición. Este estudio bajo la perspectiva agroecológica vislumbró el panorama general de contaminación y riesgo ambiental por plaguicidas en sistemas productivos convencionales de tomate, proponiendo un proceso de disminución de su uso y conversión hacia sistemas de producción agroecológicos.Worldwide tomato is a high consumption vegetable, as part of Colombians staple food. The predominant productive systems are conventionals in open field or greenhouse, with pest management based on chemical pesticides. The main goal of this work was to evaluate the use and environmental fate of pesticides in two tomato producing regions, in order to estimate the associated risks under an agroecological approach. The study areas were some regions of Santander and Boyacá, open field and greenhouse producers, respectively. Each production system was characterized included socioeconomic and pest management aspects, through 252 semi-structured surveys. The environmental fate of pesticides was determined, through 392 composite samples. An Environmental Risk Assesment was implemented, including ecological risk and consumption risk, the latter, with 692 tomato samples from the study regions and Bogotá; also, the perception of the actors was integrated in the analysis through 134 semi-structured surveys in order to propose solutions from agroecology. As a result, a predominant chemical pest management was determined with excessive and inadequate use of 129 different active components, mainly insecticides and fungicides. Residues of 22 pesticides were detected in fruits, leaves and soil. Dimetomorph, methomyl and thiocyclam pesticides were common in compartments and regions. There is an ecological risk on terrestrial and aquatic species, affecting ecosystem services. There is also a risk to human health due to tomato intake of carbofuran, indoxacarb, difenoconazole and hexaconazole. Maximum Residues Limits-MRLs were exceeded in fruits. The risk generated and their exposures are not clearly perceived by the actors. This study under agroecological perspective glimpsed the big picture of contamination and environmental risk by pesticides in conventional tomato production systems, proposing a process to reduce their use and conversion to agroecological production systems.Doctor en Agroecología . Línea de Investigación: Agricultura y Medio Ambiente .Doctorad

Reproductive Potential and Outcomes in Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Clinical Profile and Therapeutic Implications

We would like to thank Charlotte Bower for improving the English of this manuscript.There are scarce data available regarding the impact of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) on fertility, course and outcome of pregnancy and risk associated with treatments. The aims of this study are (1) to describe the clinical profile of HS women of childbearing age with and without accomplished reproductive desires and (2) to describe the prescribed treatments based on the fulfillment of reproductive intentions. We conducted a prospective observational study that included 104 HS women of childbearing age, 50.96% (53/104) with unfulfilled reproductive desires. These women were younger (29.08 vs. 42.06 years, p < 0.001), less frequently married and higher educated than women with fulfilled reproductive desires. Their age of disease onset was lower, but disease duration was shorter, in concordance with a lower International Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity Score System (IHS4) and lower number of draining tunnels. Combined oral contraceptives were more frequently prescribed in women with unfulfilled reproductive desires (30.19% vs. 9.80%, p = 0.013) while biologics were less used in this group (3.77% vs. 13.73%, p = 0.08). In conclusion, a higher educational level and an earlier disease onset, with potential implications in finding a partner, may make the fulfillment of reproductive desires difficult for patients with HS. This study could help clinicians to achieve a better understanding of the specific characteristics of HS during childbearing age and consider reproductive desires when making treatment decisions

Design of a UASB reactor for the treatment of landfill domestic waste leachate

El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo diseñar un sistema de tratamiento en base a reactores tipo UASB para degradar lixiviados en rellenos sanitarios. Previo al diseño, se realizaron pruebas en un reactor a escala piloto en donde se obtuvieron las condiciones óptimas para el tratamiento y se observó la degradación del lixiviado. Se determinó que el reactor requiere 35 días para alcanzar el rango de temperatura óptimo de 35-45°C y una vez alcanzada esta temperatura requiere de recirculación cada 5 días. Con respecto a los parámetros del lixiviado, se pudo notar un pH=8,3-8,77, el contenido de cloruros varió entre 2013,56 mg/L- 2902,17mg/L, la alcalinidad tuvo valores de 4100 mg/L-5546,67 mg/L, el nitrógeno amoniacal alcanzó una reducción del 86,30% mientras que el DBO y el DQO se degradaron en un 83,73% y 74,97%, respectivamente. En base a estos resultados, se diseñó un sistema de tratamiento con capacidad de tratar caudales de 56,75 m3/día; se propuso una bomba de ½ hp y 110V que puede manejar un flujo volumétrico de 5-25L/min. Además, se diseñaron tanques de almacenamiento con un volumen de 62,40 m3. Finalmente, se consideraron 4 reactores UASB con un volumen de 17,64 m3 capaces de manejar un flujo másico de lixiviado de 321,05 kg.A wastewater treatment system was designed for leachate degradation; the main components of the system were UASB reactors. Degradation was performed in a pilot plant reactor which required 35 days to reach an optimal temperature between 35 and 45 °C. Moreover, pH was maintained between 8,3 and 8,77. The chloride content increased from 2013,56 to 2902,17 mg/L and alkalinity varied from 4100 mg/L to 5546,67 mg/L. Meanwhile, ammoniacal nitrogen, biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand contents decrease by 86,30%, 83,73%, and 74,97%, respectively. After 5 days of treatment, further degradation in the reactor was not significant, therefore, this time period was established as a maximum prior to recirculation. Based on these results, the treatment system was designed for a leachate capacity of 56,75 m3/day which would be transported by a pump of ½ hp and 110V with a flow of 5-25 L/min. In addition, the leachate would be treated in 4 UASB reactors of 17,64 m3 and 321,05 kg of capacity each; the feed and products of these reactors would be stored in tanks of 62,40 m3

Factores epizootiológicos de las estrongilosis gastrointestinales en cabras Criollas Cubanas: bases para un manejo integrado

Parasitism caused by strongyles is one of the main limiting factors of the production of Creole goats in eastern Cuba. Through a descriptive and exploratory research carried out during the period between 2013 and 2018, the factors that regulate the epizootiological dynamics of gastrointestinal strongyloses were identified in 18 herds. The factors under control were: the population dynamics of larvae per month, the reproductive states and the growth process of the goats. The monthly dynamics of infective larvae in the pasture were recorded. Simple ANOVAS for linear models corresponding to each factor and the Newmankeuls test for multiple comparisons of means were applied. It was observed that the parasitic dynamics of gastrointestinal strongyloses, which affect Cuban Creole goats, are related to physiological and zootechnical processes. In these dynamics, two critical moments or peaks of infestation were identified: in growing animals during the weaning period (2,188 eggs per gram, EPG) and in breeding females in peripartum periods (972 EPG). The general infestation of the herds is conditioned by the combination of greater ingestion of infective larvae, processes of food stress and predisposing physiological states, which lead to seasonal infestation peaks between the months from December to February greater than 1,500 EPG. The dynamics of pasture infestation are related to rainy seasonality with infestation peaks between the months from July to September and an average maximum of 1,200 larvae per kilo of grass.El parasitismo causado por estrongilidos es uno de los principales factores limitantes de la producción de Cabras Criollas en el Este de Cuba. Mediante una investigación descriptiva y exploratoria realizada durante el periodo comprendido entre los años 2013 y 2018, fueron identificados los factores que regulan la dinámica epizootiológica de las estrongilosis gastrointestinales en 18 rebaños. Los factores bajo control fueron: la dinámica de población de larvas por mes, los estados reproductivos y el proceso de crecimiento de las cabras. Se registró la dinámica mensual de larvas infestivas en el pasto. Se aplicaron ANOVAS simples para modelos lineales correspondientes a cada factor y la prueba de Newmankeuls para comparaciones múltiples de media. Se observó que las dinámicas parasitarias de las estrongilosis gastrointestinales, que afectan a las cabras Criollas Cubanas, están relacionadas con procesos fisiológicos y zootécnicos. En estas dinámicas se identificaron dos momentos críticos o picos de infestación: en los animales en crecimiento durante el periodo de destete (2,188 huevos por gramo, HPG) y en las reproductoras en periodos de periparto (972 HPG). La infestación general de los rebaños está condicionada por la combinación de mayor ingestión de larvas infestivas, procesos de estrés alimentario y estados fisiológicos predisponentes, que conducen a picos de infestación estacionales entre los meses de diciembre a febrero superiores a 1,500 HPG. La dinámica de infestación del pasto está relacionada con la estacionalidad lluviosa con picos de infestación entre los meses de julio a septiembre y un máximo promedio de 1,200 larvas por kilo de pasto

Satisfacción de los usuarios frente a la calidad de la atención prestada en el programa de odontología integral del adolescente y ortodoncia, 2001

ABSTRACT: Over the last few years the topic of quality of care in health services in Colombia has raised enormous interest through laws established by the Mandatory System of Warranty in Quality, and particularly within our college by the adoption of the teaching-service model which looks for a comprehensive training of its students. This is about looking at quality not only from the merely technical and scientific point of view, but also integrating other aspects such as personal relationships. A study was done with the purpose of determining the quality of care under this dimension, in which the degree of satisfaction after a service was provided, was measured identifying the critical factors of this service. It was found that the 320 people who used the orthodontic service are a homogeneous population with a degree of satisfaction based upon multifactorial reasons depending on the patient-orthodontist-institution relationship. Also, it was found that the geographical location of the college was important, but, the functional accessibility was difficult due to long waiting periods of time to get an appointment, lack of administrative control, and deficiencies in information given to the public; it is equally important to identify and control the factors that made the treatments longer than necessary. These results will allow us to improve the quality of care, the service to the public, and the formative process of our graduated professionals.RESUMEN: En los últimos años, en los ámbitos nacional e internacional, se ha despertado gran interés por el tema de la calidad en la atención a los pacientes en el sector de la salud. En Colombia, mediante decretos reglamentarios, se estableció el Sistema Obligatorio de Garantía de la Calidad en el Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud y, en particular, en la Facultad de Odontología que adoptó el modelo educativo docencia-servicio buscando la formación integral de sus egresados. Se trata de superar el concepto de calidad que se mira solamente desde el punto de vista técnico-científico integrando, entre otras, las relaciones interpersonales. Con el propósito de determinar la calidad del servicio desde las relaciones interpersonales, se realizó un estudio que indagó el grado de satisfacción del usuario frente a la calidad de la atención prestada, identificando los factores críticos del servicio. Se encontró que los 320 usuarios del posgrado de ortodoncia son una población homogénea, con un grado de satisfacción que depende de la relación usuario- ortodoncista-institución; que la Facultad tiene excelente accesibilidad geográfica y cultural, pero deficiente accesibilidad funcional, ya que se presentan, entre otras, dificultades para el ingreso al programa, el largo tiempo de espera, algunas falencias administrativas y deficiencias en la información suministrada; igualmente, que se deben intervenir los factores que alargan los tiempos de duración de los tratamientos. Los resultados de la investigación permitirán mejorar la calidad del servicio, la atención del usuario y el proceso formativo de sus egresados

Systemic Minoxidil Accidental Exposure in a Paediatric Population: A Case Series Study of Cutaneous and Systemic Side Effects

This article will be part of the doctoral thesis of the author Manuel Sánchez-Díaz.Oral minoxidil is an approved treatment for high blood pressure which is also used as an off-label drug for alopecia. Knowledge about the effects of systemic minoxidil in the paediatric population is limited. A retrospective case series study of paediatric patients with history of systemic minoxidil intake due to contaminated sets of omeprazole was performed to describe side effects of high dose oral minoxidil intake in children. Twenty patients aged between 2 months and 13 years joined the study. They had received high doses of oral minoxidil (mean dose 0.90 mg/kg/day) during a mean time of 38.3 days. Hypertrichosis appeared in 65%, with a mean latency time of 24.31 days. Treatment time was associated with the appearance of hypertrichosis (p < 0.05). Most common initial zone of hypertrichosis was the face. Systemic effects developed in 15%, with no cases of severe disorders. The present study shows a novel insight into the side effects of high doses of oral minoxidil in children

Integración de herramientas bioinformáticas y métodos en biología molecular para el diseño de un kit diagnóstico del COVID-19: un ejemplo de aprendizaje significativo

As a pedagogical form of active learning, topics developed in molecular biology class were related to the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic that is currently advancing in almost the entire planet. Having an efficient method of diagnosing infection during the onset of this acute respiratory infection is important in detecting both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. For this reason, seventh semester students from marine and environmental biology courses studying molecular biology at the University of Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano were challenged to design a diagnostic method for the COVID-19 virus based on RT PCR and qPCR. The objective of this academic exercise was to encourage students to propose an effective method to detect the COVID-19 virus using the knowledge acquired during the course. A review of the previous literature was carried out to identify the existing methods for the detection of the virus and, with the help of bioinformatic tools, the analysis of the sequences of the genomes of COVID-19, human SARS and bat SARS available at GenBank was carried out.Como una forma pedagógica de aprendizaje activo, se relacionaron temas desarrollados en clase de biología molecular con la pandemia del coronavirus COVID-19 que en este momento avanza en casi la totalidad del planeta. Contar con un método eficiente para diagnosticar la infección durante el inicio de esta infección respiratoria aguda es importante para detectar tanto los pacientes sintomáticos como los asintomáticos. Por este motivo, se retó a los estudiantes de séptimo semestre de las carreras de biología marina y ambiental que cursan la materia biología molecular en la Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano a diseñar un método diagnóstico para el virus COVID 19 basado en RT PCR y qPCR. El objetivo de este ejercicio académico consistió en incentivar a los estudiantes para que propusieran un método efectivo que permita detectar el virus COVID 19 a través de los conocimientos adquiridos durante el curso. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura previa para identificar los métodos existentes para la detección del virus y con ayuda de herramientas bioinformáticas se realizó el análisis de las secuencias de los genomas del COVID 19, el SARS humano y el SARS de murciélago disponibles en GenBank

Cov-caldas: A new COVID-19 chest X-Ray dataset from state of Caldas-Colombia

The emergence of COVID-19 as a global pandemic forced researchers worldwide in various disciplines to investigate and propose efficient strategies and/or technologies to prevent COVID-19 from further spreading. One of the main challenges to be overcome is the fast and efficient detection of COVID-19 using deep learning approaches and medical images such as Chest Computed Tomography (CT) and Chest X-ray images. In order to contribute to this challenge, a new dataset was collected in collaboration with “S.E.S Hospital Universitario de Caldas” (https://hospitaldecaldas.com/) from Colombia and organized following the Medical Imaging Data Structure (MIDS) format. The dataset contains 7,307 chest X-ray images divided into 3,077 and 4,230 COVID-19 positive and negative images. Images were subjected to a selection and anonymization process to allow the scientific community to use them freely. Finally, different convolutional neural networks were used to perform technical validation. This dataset contributes to the scientific community by tackling significant limitations regarding data quality and availability for the detection of COVID-19. © 2022, The Author(s)

Etología. Introducción a la ciencia del comportamiento

1ª ed., 3ª reimp.El objetivo de este libro es proporcionar una introducción a la Etología. Ésta ciencia responde al interés por profundizar en el conocimiento de las costumbres animales; por comprender la variedad de comportamientos que en diferentes situaciones exhiben los individuos de diferentes especies. Una posible definición de Etología podría ser: el estudio científico del comportamiento de los seres vivos. A lo largo de esta obra se analizan todos los aspectos que tienen que ver con el comportamiento animal, desde las causas y mecanismos de actuación o la adaptación y evolución y el bienestar animal.The purpose of this book is to provide an introduction to Ethology. This science responds to the interest in deepening the knowledge of animal customs; to understand the variety of behaviour that in different situations exhibit individuals of different species. A possible definition of ethology could be: the scientific study of the behavior of living beings. Throughout this book all aspects related to animal behavior, from the causes and mechanisms of action or adaptation and evolution and animal welfare, are analyzed

Risk Factors and Predictive Score for Bacteremic Biliary Tract Infections Due to Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium: a Multicenter Cohort Study from the PROBAC Project

Biliary-tract bloodstream infections (BT-BSI) caused by Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium are associated with inappropriate empirical treatment and worse outcomes compared to other etiologies. The objective of this study was to investigate the risk factors for enterococcal BT-BSI. Patients with BT-BSI from the PROBAC cohort, including consecutive patients with BSI in 26 Spanish hospitals between October 2016 and March 2017, were selected; episodes caused by E. faecalis or E. faecium and other causes were compared. Independent predictors for enterococci were identified by logistic regression, and a predictive score was developed. Eight hundred fifty episodes of BT-BSI were included; 73 (8.5%) were due to target Enterococcus spp. (48 [66%] were E. faecium and 25 [34%] E. faecalis). By multivariate analysis, the variables independently associated with Enterococcus spp. were (OR; 95% confidence interval): cholangiocarcinoma (4.48;1.32 to 15.25), hospital acquisition (3.58;2.11 to 6.07), use of carbapenems in the previous month (3.35;1.45 to 7.78), biliary prosthesis (2.19;1.24 to 3.90), and moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (1.55;1.07 to 2.26). The AUC of the model was 0.74 [95% CI0.67 to 0.80]. A score was developed, with 7, 6, 5, 4, and 2 points for these variables, respectively, with a negative predictive value of 95% for a score # 6. A model, including cholangiocarcinoma, biliary prosthesis, hospital acquisition, previous carbapenems, and chronic kidney disease showed moderate prediction ability for enterococcal BT-BSI. Although the score will need to be validated, this information may be useful for deciding empirical therapy in biliary tract infections when bacteremia is suspected. IMPORTANCE Biliary tract infections are frequent, and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Bacteremia is common in these infections, particularly in the elderly and patients with cancer. Inappropriate empirical treatment has been associated with increased risk of mortality in bacteremic cholangitis, and the probability of receiving inactive empirical treatment is higher in episodes caused by enterococci. This is because many of the antimicrobial agents recommended in guidelines for biliary tract infections lack activity against these organisms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study analyzing the predictive factors for enterococcal BT-BSI and deriving a predictive score.8 página