Oral Methylthioadenosine Administration Attenuates Fibrosis and Chronic Liver Disease Progression in Mdr2−/− Mice

BACKGROUND: Inflammation and fibrogenesis are directly related to chronic liver disease progression, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Currently there are few therapeutic options available to inhibit liver fibrosis. We have evaluated the hepatoprotective and anti-fibrotic potential of orally-administered 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) in Mdr2(-/-) mice, a clinically relevant model of sclerosing cholangitis and spontaneous biliary fibrosis, followed at later stages by HCC development. METHODOLOGY: MTA was administered daily by gavage to wild type and Mdr2(-/-) mice for three weeks. MTA anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects and potential mechanisms of action were examined in the liver of Mdr2(-/-) mice with ongoing fibrogenesis and in cultured liver fibrogenic cells (myofibroblasts). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: MTA treatment reduced hepatomegaly and liver injury. α-Smooth muscle actin immunoreactivity and collagen deposition were also significantly decreased. Inflammatory infiltrate, the expression of the cytokines IL6 and Mcp-1, pro-fibrogenic factors like TGFβ2 and tenascin-C, as well as pro-fibrogenic intracellular signalling pathways were reduced by MTA in vivo. MTA inhibited the activation and proliferation of isolated myofibroblasts and down-regulated cyclin D1 gene expression at the transcriptional level. The expression of JunD, a key transcription factor in liver fibrogenesis, was also reduced by MTA in activated myofibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Oral MTA administration was well tolerated and proved its efficacy in reducing liver inflammation and fibrosis. MTA may have multiple molecular and cellular targets. These include the inhibition of inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic cytokines, as well as the attenuation of myofibroblast activation and proliferation. Downregulation of JunD and cyclin D1 expression in myofibroblasts may be important regarding the mechanism of action of MTA. This compound could be a good candidate to be tested for the treatment of (biliary) liver fibrosis

Early progression to active tuberculosis is a highly heritable trait driven by 3q23 in Peruvians

Abstract: Of the 1.8 billion people worldwide infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 5–15% will develop active tuberculosis (TB). Approximately half will progress to active TB within the first 18 months after infection, presumably because they fail to mount an effective initial immune response. Here, in a genome-wide genetic study of early TB progression, we genotype 4002 active TB cases and their household contacts in Peru. We quantify genetic heritability (hg2) of early TB progression to be 21.2% (standard error 0.08). This suggests TB progression has a strong genetic basis, and is comparable to traits with well-established genetic bases. We identify a novel association between early TB progression and variants located in a putative enhancer region on chromosome 3q23 (rs73226617, OR = 1.18; P = 3.93 × 10−8). With in silico and in vitro analyses we identify rs73226617 or rs148722713 as the likely functional variant and ATP1B3 as a potential causal target gene with monocyte specific function

Comparison of seven prognostic tools to identify low-risk pulmonary embolism in patients aged <50 years

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Early Progression to Active Tuberculosis is a Highly Heritable Trait Driven by 3q23 in Peruvians

Of the 1.8 billion people worldwide infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 5–15% will develop active tuberculosis (TB). Approximately half will progress to active TB within the first 18 months after infection, presumably because they fail to mount an effective initial immune response. Here, in a genome-wide genetic study of early TB progression, we genotype 4002 active TB cases and their household contacts in Peru. We quantify genetic heritability hg2 of early TB progression to be 21.2% (standard error 0.08). This suggests TB progression has a strong genetic basis, and is comparable to traits with well-established genetic bases. We identify a novel association between early TB progression and variants located in a putative enhancer region on chromosome 3q23 (rs73226617, OR = 1.18; P = 3.93 × 10−8). With in silico and in vitro analyses we identify rs73226617 or rs148722713 as the likely functional variant and ATP1B3 as a potential causal target gene with monocyte specific function

Early progression to active tuberculosis is a highly heritable trait driven by 3q23 in Peruvians

Abstract: Of the 1.8 billion people worldwide infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 5–15% will develop active tuberculosis (TB). Approximately half will progress to active TB within the first 18 months after infection, presumably because they fail to mount an effective initial immune response. Here, in a genome-wide genetic study of early TB progression, we genotype 4002 active TB cases and their household contacts in Peru. We quantify genetic heritability (hg2) of early TB progression to be 21.2% (standard error 0.08). This suggests TB progression has a strong genetic basis, and is comparable to traits with well-established genetic bases. We identify a novel association between early TB progression and variants located in a putative enhancer region on chromosome 3q23 (rs73226617, OR = 1.18; P = 3.93 × 10−8). With in silico and in vitro analyses we identify rs73226617 or rs148722713 as the likely functional variant and ATP1B3 as a potential causal target gene with monocyte specific function

History of tuberculosis disease is associated with genetic regulatory variation in Peruvians.

A quarter of humanity is estimated to have been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with a 5-10% risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) disease. Variability in responses to Mtb infection could be due to host or pathogen heterogeneity. Here, we focused on host genetic variation in a Peruvian population and its associations with gene regulation in monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). We recruited former household contacts of TB patients who previously progressed to TB (cases, n = 63) or did not progress to TB (controls, n = 63). Transcriptomic profiling of monocyte-derived DCs and macrophages measured the impact of genetic variants on gene expression by identifying expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). We identified 330 and 257 eQTL genes in DCs and macrophages (False Discovery Rate (FDR) &lt; 0.05), respectively. Four genes in DCs showed interaction between eQTL variants and TB progression status. The top eQTL interaction for a protein-coding gene was with FAH, the gene encoding fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, which mediates the last step in mammalian tyrosine catabolism. FAH expression was associated with genetic regulatory variation in cases but not controls. Using public transcriptomic and epigenomic data of Mtb-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells, we found that Mtb infection results in FAH downregulation and DNA methylation changes in the locus. Overall, this study demonstrates effects of genetic variation on gene expression levels that are dependent on history of infectious disease and highlights a candidate pathogenic mechanism through pathogen-response genes. Furthermore, our results point to tyrosine metabolism and related candidate TB progression pathways for further investigation

Effect of MTA on liver myofibroblast intracellular signalling pathways.

<p>Liver myofibroblasts were pre-treated with MTA for 30 min in the absence of serum and then stimulated with 10% FCS for 30 min or PDGF (20 ng/ml) for 60 min. Phosphorylation levels of Erk1/2 and c-Jun upon FCS stimulation (A), and S6 ribosomal protein after PDGF treatment (B) were analyzed by western blotting. Representative blots are shown.</p

Potential mechanisms of action of MTA in <i>Mdr2^−/−</i> mice.

<p>Our <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> observations indicate that MTA displays different actions that may underlie its beneficial effects on the course of liver injury and fibrosis in <i>Mdr2^−/−</i> mice. MTA may exert a direct cytoprotective effect on hepatocytes by reducing JNK activity, preventing hepatocellular death and further inflammation. MTA also inhibits the production of cytokines by inflammatory cells, likely through interference with NFκB activity as described before <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015690#pone.0015690-Hevia1" target="_blank">[16]</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0015690#pone.0015690-IglesiasAra1" target="_blank">[18]</a>. In addition, enhanced expression of adenosine A2B receptors may contribute to the anti-inflammatory pharmacological profile of MTA. This compound can also exert direct effects on extracellular matrix (ECM) producing cells (myofibroblasts), reducing their activation, proliferation and the production of pro-fibrogenic factors. Inhibition of JunD expression may be an important event in the antifibrogenic action of MTA.</p

Oral administration of MTA to <i>Mdr2^−/−</i> mice reduces hepatomegaly and serum parameters of liver injury.

<p><i>Mdr2^+/+</i> and <i>Mdr2^−/−</i> mice were treated with MTA during three weeks. Increased liver-to-body weight ratio (%) in <i>Mdr2^−/−</i> mice was reduced by MTA (A). Serum transaminases (B), alkaline phosphatase (C) and bilirubin (D), levels that are increased in <i>Mdr2^−/−</i> mice were attenuated by MTA. *<i>P</i><0.05 <i>vs</i> untreated <i>Mdr2^+/+</i> mice, #<i>P</i><0.05 <i>vs</i> untreated <i>Mdr2^−/−</i> mice.</p

Effects of MTA on liver myofibroblast activation and cytokine expression.

<p>Primary myofibroblasts were serum starved (12 h) and then treated (12 h) with 10% FCS and MTA as indicated. mRNA levels of α1(I)procollagen (A), αSMA (B), TGFβ1 (C), TGFβ2 (D), Mcp-1 (E) and IL6 (F) were measured at the end of treatments. *<i>P</i><0.05 <i>vs</i> FCS, #<i>P</i><0.05 <i>vs</i> FCS+MTA 200 µM.</p