Interfacial and emulsifying properties of Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal gum and their fractions

Les gommes d’Acacia (AG, E414EC) sont largement utilisées par ses propriétés stabilisantes, émulsifiantes et filmogènes. Le but de ce projet de thèse consiste à caractériser les propriétés interfaciales et émulsifiantes des gommes d’Acacia. Les études des propriétés interfaciales liquide-liquide ont confirmé que l’A. senegal permettait une plus grande diminution de la tension interfaciale et une formation plus rapide de films à l’interface. Ceci est en accord avec sa teneur plus élevée en AGP de masse molaire élevée riche en protéine, la meilleure accessibilité de la partie protéique et la plus grande flexibilité moléculaire par rapport à A. seyal. De même, ces avantages biochimiques et structuraux de l’A. senegal se sont avérés être impliqué dans les propriétés émulsifiantes des gommes. Les résultats d'une approche innovante visant à contrôler la teneur en AGP de masse molaire élevée riche en protéines dans le milieu et la concentration totale de gomme par le mélange de deux fractions bien caractérisées isolées chez A. senegal ont confirmé la synergie fonctionnelle entre la quantité des AGP de masse molaire élevée riche en protéines et la concentration totale en gomme. De plus, en présence de quantités élevées d'AGP de masse molaire élevée riches en protéines, les émulsions étaient stables contre la floculation/coalescence en raison de la forte teneur en protéines permettant une répulsion électrostatique entre les gouttelettes et la viscosité apparente élevée du milieu. Celles-ci étaient en accord lorsque les propriétés émulsifiantes de A. senegal et A. seyal ont été comparées. En effet, A. senegal contient une plus grande quantité d'AGP de masse molaire élevée riches en protéines et d'acides uroniques, et sa dispersion présente une viscosité apparente supérieure à celle d'A. seyal. En outre, lorsque les gommes d'Acacia étaient utilisées sous forme de films séchés, la grande teneur en AGP riches en protéines de masse molaire élevée et la bonne accessibilité des fragments protéiques d'A. senegal permettaient aux films d’avoir une surface homogène lisse avec des propriétés hydrophobes caractéristiques. En revanche, les films de A. seyal étaient irréguliers et constitués d'une organisation répétitive comme de nombreuses grosses particules uniformément réparties sur la surface par rapport au faible degré de ramification, une teneur élevée en arabinose favorisant les liaisons hydrogènes intra et inter moléculaires et une forte capacité d'hydratation chaînes polysaccharidiques de A. seyal. Selon les résultats, cette thèse apporte de nouvelles connaissances sur la relation entre la composition biochimique, les propriétés structurales et physico-chimiques, pour la première fois, dans les deux aspects de la gomme, à savoir sous forme de dispersion liquide et de films séchés.Mots clés : gomme d’Acacia, propriétés interfaciales et émulsifiantes, arabinogalactane-protéines, arômesAcacia gums (AG, E414 EC) are widely used for its stabilizing, emulsifying and film-forming properties. The aim of this project is to characterize the interfacial and emulsifying properties of Acacia gums. The main results from liquid-liquid interfacial properties study confirmed that A. senegal showed a faster decrease of interfacial tension and a more rapid interfacial film formation. These were in agreement to its greater content of high molar mass-protein AGPs content, the more accessibility of proteinaceous moieties, and the higher molecular flexibility compared to A. seyal. In the same vein, these biochemical and structural advantages of A. senegal were found to be involved in the emulsifying properties of gums. The results from an innovative approach aiming to control high molar mass protein-rich AGPs content in bulk and the total concentration of gum by mixing two well characterised fractions isolated from A. senegal confirmed the functional synergism between the amount of high molar mass protein-rich AGPs and the total gum concentration. Moreover, in the presence of high molar mass protein-rich AGPs in high amount, the emulsion became stable to flocculation/coalescence due to the great protein content allowing electrostatic repulsion between droplets and the high bulk apparent viscosity. These were in agreement when the emulsifying properties of A. senegal and A. seyal were compared. Indeed, A. senegal containing a greater amount of high molar mass protein rich AGPs and uronic acids and its dispersion having a higher apparent viscosity than A. seyal allowing the former to form emulsion with a more stability. Besides, when Acacia gums were used in the form of dried film, the great content of high molar mass protein-rich AGPs and the good accessibility of proteinaceous moieties of A. senegal allowed the smooth homogeneous surface with a hydrophobic characteristic properties of A. senegal dried films. In contrast, A. seyal films was irregular and composed of a repetitive organization as numerous large particle uniformly distributed on surface in the relation to the low degree of branching, high arabinose content favoring intra and inter molecular hydrogen bonding and high hydration ability causing aggregation of polysaccharide chains of A. seyal. According to the results, this thesis brings new knowledge of the relationship between biochemical composition, structural and physicochemical properties, for the first time, across both aspects of gum, i.e. in the form of liquid dispersion and dried films.Keywords: Acacia gums, interfacial and emulsifying properties, arabinogalactan proteins, aroma compound

Propriétés interfaciales et émulsifiantes de gomme d'Acacia senegal, Acacia seyal et de leurs fractions

Acacia gums (AG, E414 EC) are widely used for its stabilizing, emulsifying and film-forming properties. The aim of this project is to characterize the interfacial and emulsifying properties of Acacia gums. The main results from liquid-liquid interfacial properties study confirmed that A. senegal showed a faster decrease of interfacial tension and a more rapid interfacial film formation. These were in agreement to its greater content of high molar mass-protein AGPs content, the more accessibility of proteinaceous moieties, and the higher molecular flexibility compared to A. seyal. In the same vein, these biochemical and structural advantages of A. senegal were found to be involved in the emulsifying properties of gums. The results from an innovative approach aiming to control high molar mass protein-rich AGPs content in bulk and the total concentration of gum by mixing two well characterised fractions isolated from A. senegal confirmed the functional synergism between the amount of high molar mass protein-rich AGPs and the total gum concentration. Moreover, in the presence of high molar mass protein-rich AGPs in high amount, the emulsion became stable to flocculation/coalescence due to the great protein content allowing electrostatic repulsion between droplets and the high bulk apparent viscosity. These were in agreement when the emulsifying properties of A. senegal and A. seyal were compared. Indeed, A. senegal containing a greater amount of high molar mass protein rich AGPs and uronic acids and its dispersion having a higher apparent viscosity than A. seyal allowing the former to form emulsion with a more stability. Besides, when Acacia gums were used in the form of dried film, the great content of high molar mass protein-rich AGPs and the good accessibility of proteinaceous moieties of A. senegal allowed the smooth homogeneous surface with a hydrophobic characteristic properties of A. senegal dried films. In contrast, A. seyal films was irregular and composed of a repetitive organization as numerous large particle uniformly distributed on surface in the relation to the low degree of branching, high arabinose content favoring intra and inter molecular hydrogen bonding and high hydration ability causing aggregation of polysaccharide chains of A. seyal. According to the results, this thesis brings new knowledge of the relationship between biochemical composition, structural and physicochemical properties, for the first time, across both aspects of gum, i.e. in the form of liquid dispersion and dried films.Keywords: Acacia gums, interfacial and emulsifying properties, arabinogalactan proteins, aroma compoundsLes gommes d’Acacia (AG, E414EC) sont largement utilisées par ses propriétés stabilisantes, émulsifiantes et filmogènes. Le but de ce projet de thèse consiste à caractériser les propriétés interfaciales et émulsifiantes des gommes d’Acacia. Les études des propriétés interfaciales liquide-liquide ont confirmé que l’A. senegal permettait une plus grande diminution de la tension interfaciale et une formation plus rapide de films à l’interface. Ceci est en accord avec sa teneur plus élevée en AGP de masse molaire élevée riche en protéine, la meilleure accessibilité de la partie protéique et la plus grande flexibilité moléculaire par rapport à A. seyal. De même, ces avantages biochimiques et structuraux de l’A. senegal se sont avérés être impliqué dans les propriétés émulsifiantes des gommes. Les résultats d'une approche innovante visant à contrôler la teneur en AGP de masse molaire élevée riche en protéines dans le milieu et la concentration totale de gomme par le mélange de deux fractions bien caractérisées isolées chez A. senegal ont confirmé la synergie fonctionnelle entre la quantité des AGP de masse molaire élevée riche en protéines et la concentration totale en gomme. De plus, en présence de quantités élevées d'AGP de masse molaire élevée riches en protéines, les émulsions étaient stables contre la floculation/coalescence en raison de la forte teneur en protéines permettant une répulsion électrostatique entre les gouttelettes et la viscosité apparente élevée du milieu. Celles-ci étaient en accord lorsque les propriétés émulsifiantes de A. senegal et A. seyal ont été comparées. En effet, A. senegal contient une plus grande quantité d'AGP de masse molaire élevée riches en protéines et d'acides uroniques, et sa dispersion présente une viscosité apparente supérieure à celle d'A. seyal. En outre, lorsque les gommes d'Acacia étaient utilisées sous forme de films séchés, la grande teneur en AGP riches en protéines de masse molaire élevée et la bonne accessibilité des fragments protéiques d'A. senegal permettaient aux films d’avoir une surface homogène lisse avec des propriétés hydrophobes caractéristiques. En revanche, les films de A. seyal étaient irréguliers et constitués d'une organisation répétitive comme de nombreuses grosses particules uniformément réparties sur la surface par rapport au faible degré de ramification, une teneur élevée en arabinose favorisant les liaisons hydrogènes intra et inter moléculaires et une forte capacité d'hydratation chaînes polysaccharidiques de A. seyal. Selon les résultats, cette thèse apporte de nouvelles connaissances sur la relation entre la composition biochimique, les propriétés structurales et physico-chimiques, pour la première fois, dans les deux aspects de la gomme, à savoir sous forme de dispersion liquide et de films séchés.Mots clés : gomme d’Acacia, propriétés interfaciales et émulsifiantes, arabinogalactane-protéines, arôme

Emulsifying properties of Acacia senegal gum: Impact of high molar mass protein-rich AGPs

The impact of high molar mass protein-rich arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) on emulsifying properties of Acacia senegal gums were studied using reconstituted gums obtained with two distinct fractions: one containing these specific high molar mass AGPs and the other protein-poor low molar mass AGPs. To produce and stabilize limonene emulsions, the experimental design emphasized not only the role of high molar mass protein-rich AGPs, but also the importance of high total concentration. At low protein contents, reconstituted gums required a slightly higher content in high molar mass protein-rich AGPs than original A. senegal gum, that confirmed the role of low molar mass protein-rich AGPs in the adsorption at interfaces. The comparison of the creaming index between original and reconstituted gums as well as the monitoring of instability phenomena by turbiscan up to 30 days clearly demonstrated the prevalent impact of the bulk apparent viscosity in the long-term stability of emulsions

Surface properties of Acacia senegal vs Acacia seyal films and impact on specific functionalities

The microstructure and surface properties of spin coated films were studied to determine the structuration of Acacia gum films depending on gum type and composition. The difference between A. seyal and A. senegal films was clearly evidenced by surface morphology (SEM and AFM) and through the contact angle measurement: A. senegal films having a smoother and more hydrophobic surface (  = 62°) than A. seyal films (  = 42°) characterized by aggregated structuration. The film hydrophobicity increased with glycerol addition for both gum films (A. senegal,  = 68° and A. seyal,  = 50°). This could be due to hydrogen-bonding between hydroxyl groups of plasticizer and polar groups of Acacia gums favoring their reduction on films surface. Both gum films behave as dual polar surface showing high disperse component of free energy compared to the polar component. Both gums showed strong affinity for apolar compounds ( < 20°). The overall results indicated that the structuration of films depended on the protein content and accessibility. Similar surface properties were found with self-supported films: A. seyal cast films being still more hydrophilic than A. senegal ones, demonstrating that the former provides a more favorable environment for water interaction than the latter. The specific interactions pointed for each gum films with water and apolar compounds were reflected in functionality such as water vapor permeability and efficiency to retain limonene and linalool. The knowledge of these properties is recommended to design specific coatings anticipating water loss of the coated product and to evaluate antimicrobial efficiency when active agents as aroma compounds are incorporated in the film

Arenaviridae exoribonuclease presents genomic RNA edition capacity.

The Arenaviridae is a large family of viruses causing both acute and persistent infections and causing significant public health concerns in afflicted regions. A “trademark” of infection is the quick and efficient immuno-suppression mediated in part by a 3’-5’ RNA exonuclease domain (ExoN) of the Nucleoprotein (NP). Mopeia virus, the eastern African counterpart of Lassa virus, carries such ExoN domain, but does not suppress the host innate immunity. We have recently reported the crystal structure of the Mopeia virus ExoN domain, which presents a conserved fold and active site. In the present study, we show that the ExoN activity rules out a direct link between ExoN activity and alteration of the host innate immunity. We found that the Arenavirus ExoN, however, is able to excise mis-incorporated bases present at the 3’-end of double stranded RNA. ExoN(-) arenaviruses cultured in cells dampened in innate immunity still replicated in spite of a significant reduction in the viral charge over several passages. The remaining ExoN(-) virus population showed an increased base substitution rate on a narrow nucleotide spectrum, linking the ExoN activity to genome editing. Since, the Arenavirus ExoN belongs to the same nuclease family as that of the nsp14 coronavirus ExoN; which has been recently shown to promote viral RNA synthesis proofreading; we propose that Arenavirus ExoN is involved in a “limited RNA editing” mechanism mainly controlled by structural constraints and a low mutational/fitness ratio

Assessment of the performance of several novel approaches to improve physical properties of guar gum based biopolymer films

Biopolymer-based films are natural, renewable, nontoxic and biodegradable alternatives to plastic packaging. Despite years of ongoing research, biopolymer films still lag much behind plastic films in mechanical and barrier properties. In this study, guar gum (GG) based films were prepared to evaluate the potential of some novel applications in enhancing films physical properties. For this purpose, GG and glycerol based films were prepared with varying amounts of orange peel oil (1%, 2% v/v), and/or reinforced with halloysite nanotubes (HNT), and crosslinked with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP). Oil incorporation, despite weakening films’ mechanical strength, increased film hydrophobicity and enhanced its water barrier properties. Crosslinking, decreased films’ relatively high solubility while also improving other film properties. Orange peel oil preserved its antimicrobial activity and HNT stabilized GG films provided controlled release of volatile essential oil. Findings indicated the possibility of improving physical properties of GG films with the methods employed