Sociología del Deporte en España: una actualización (2005-2017). [Sociology of Sport in Spain: an update (2005-2017)].

El presente artículo comienza explicando cuáles son los orígenes de la Sociología del Deporte en España los cuales que se sitúan en los tiempos de la Transición (1975-1983); durante estos años, el deporte se va convirtiendo progresivamente de ser un objeto de preocupación social a ser un objeto de estudio sociológico. A continuación, se analizan los principales factores de activación de esta disciplina, destacando los procesos de acreditación del profesorado universitario, los cuales actúan como catalizadores del conjunto de aspectos que favorecieron la emergencia de la Sociología del Deporte en España. Por último, se analizan las principales áreas de estudio agrupándolas en tres ámbitos: deporte y sociedad, actitudes sociales frente al deporte y espacios y organizaciones. La revisión bibliográfica se ha hecho, sobre todo, desde 2005 hasta 2017, ya que con anterioridad se ha hecho otras que se han ocupado de períodos anteriores. En la conclusión, se hace una valoración general y se constata la progresiva internacionalización de la disciplina, algo que hasta 2005 era escaso. Dicho aspecto se considera un indicador importante de la madurez de la disciplina. Abstract The paper begins explaining which are the origins of the Sociology of Sport in Spain that are located in the times of the Transition (1975-1983); during these years, sport is gradually becoming from an object of social concern to an object of sociological study. Next, the main activation factors are analyzed, highlighting the accreditation processes of the university teaching staff; these act as catalysts of the set of aspects that favoured the emergence of the Sociology of Sport in Spain. Finally, the main study areas are analyzed by grouping them into three fields: sport and society, social attitudes towards sport, and spaces and organizations. The bibliographic review has been done, above all, from 2005 to 2017, since others have been done focusing on earlier periods. In the conclusion, a general assessment is made and the progressive internationalization of the discipline is verified, something that until 2005 was scarce, which is considered an important indicator of the maturity of the discipline

ANÁLISE DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS ORGANIZACIONAIS DOS PROGRAMAS DE APOIO A ESTUDANTES-ATLETAS DE ELITE NO SISTEMA UNIVERSITÁRIO DA CATALUNHA

This paper aims to analyze the organizational characteristics of higher education programs supporting dual career in Catalonia. The sample included ten universities that had dual career support programs. Data collection was carried out through interviews with 13 coordinators as well as by analyzing the existing content of each university’s websites. The results show different profiles of student-athletes linked to the programs. There have been deficiencies in elements such as the availability of resources, planning or current legislation. Moreover, external factors like teaching staff or the European system of university degrees have shown to have a significant influence. Findings point out that political will, a favorable economic context, and private contribution are necessary in order to advance in the programs’ development. Este trabajo pretende analizar las características organizativas de los programas universitarios de apoyo a la carrera dual en Cataluña. La muestra se compuso de las diez universidades que disponían de programas de apoyo a la carrera dual. La recogida de datos se llevó a cabo mediante entrevistas a 13 coordinadores, así como a través del análisis del contenido existente en los sitios web de cada universidad. Los resultados exponen diferentes perfiles de estudiantes-deportistas presentes en los programas. Se han manifestado carencias en elementos como la disponibilidad de recursos, la planificación o la legislación vigente. Asimismo, factores externos como el profesorado o el sistema europeo de grados universitarios han mostrado tener una notable influencia. Se concluye que la voluntad política, un contexto económico favorable y la colaboración privada son elementos necesarios para avanzar en el desarrollo de los programas. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as características organizacionais dos programas universitários de apoio à carreira dupla na Catalunha. A amostra foi composta pelas dez universidades que possuíam programas de apoio à carreira dupla. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas com 13 coordenadores, bem como pela análise do conteúdo existente nos sites web de cada universidade. Os resultados mostram diferentes perfis de alunos-atletas presentes nos programas. Houve deficiências em elementos como a disponibilidade de recursos, planejamento ou legislação vigente. Além disso, fatores externos, como o corpo docente ou o sistema europeu de diplomas universitários, mostraram ter uma influência significativa. Conclui-se que a vontade política, um contexto econômico favorável e a colaboração privada são elementos necessários para avançar no desenvolvimento dos programas.

The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients

Background: Mortality due to COVID-19 is high, especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between mortality and variables measured during the first three days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 intubated at ICU admission. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cohort study includes consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to 44 Spanish ICUs between February 25 and July 31, 2020, who required intubation at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation for more than three days. We collected demographic and clinical data prior to admission; information about clinical evolution at days 1 and 3 of mechanical ventilation; and outcomes. Results: Of the 2,095 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, 1,118 (53.3%) were intubated at day 1 and remained under mechanical ventilation at day three. From days 1 to 3, PaO2/FiO2 increased from 115.6 [80.0-171.2] to 180.0 [135.4-227.9] mmHg and the ventilatory ratio from 1.73 [1.33-2.25] to 1.96 [1.61-2.40]. In-hospital mortality was 38.7%. A higher increase between ICU admission and day 3 in the ventilatory ratio (OR 1.04 [CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.030) and creatinine levels (OR 1.05 [CI 1.01-1.09], p = 0.005) and a lower increase in platelet counts (OR 0.96 [CI 0.93-1.00], p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher risk of death. No association between mortality and the PaO2/FiO2 variation was observed (OR 0.99 [CI 0.95 to 1.02], p = 0.47). Conclusions: Higher ventilatory ratio and its increase at day 3 is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. No association was found in the PaO2/FiO2 variation

Clustering COVID-19 ARDS patients through the first days of ICU admission. An analysis of the CIBERESUCICOVID Cohort

Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be classified into sub-phenotypes according to different inflammatory/clinical status. Prognostic enrichment was achieved by grouping patients into hypoinflammatory or hyperinflammatory sub-phenotypes, even though the time of analysis may change the classification according to treatment response or disease evolution. We aimed to evaluate when patients can be clustered in more than 1 group, and how they may change the clustering of patients using data of baseline or day 3, and the prognosis of patients according to their evolution by changing or not the cluster.Methods Multicenter, observational prospective, and retrospective study of patients admitted due to ARDS related to COVID-19 infection in Spain. Patients were grouped according to a clustering mixed-type data algorithm (k-prototypes) using continuous and categorical readily available variables at baseline and day 3.Results Of 6205 patients, 3743 (60%) were included in the study. According to silhouette analysis, patients were grouped in two clusters. At baseline, 1402 (37%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2341(63%) in cluster 2. On day 3, 1557(42%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2086 (57%) in cluster 2. The patients included in cluster 2 were older and more frequently hypertensive and had a higher prevalence of shock, organ dysfunction, inflammatory biomarkers, and worst respiratory indexes at both time points. The 90-day mortality was higher in cluster 2 at both clustering processes (43.8% [n = 1025] versus 27.3% [n = 383] at baseline, and 49% [n = 1023] versus 20.6% [n = 321] on day 3). Four hundred and fifty-eight (33%) patients clustered in the first group were clustered in the second group on day 3. In contrast, 638 (27%) patients clustered in the second group were clustered in the first group on day 3.Conclusions During the first days, patients can be clustered into two groups and the process of clustering patients may change as they continue to evolve. This means that despite a vast majority of patients remaining in the same cluster, a minority reaching 33% of patients analyzed may be re-categorized into different clusters based on their progress. Such changes can significantly impact their prognosis

Sociología del Deporte en España: una actualización (2005-2017).

AbstractThe paper begins explaining which are the origins of the Sociology of Sport in Spain that are located in the times of the Transition (1975-1983); during these years, sport is gradually becoming from an object of social concern to an object of sociological study. Next, the main activation factors are analyzed, highlighting the accreditation processes of the university teaching staff; these act as catalysts of the set of aspects that favoured the emergence of the Sociology of Sport in Spain. Finally, the main study areas are analyzed by grouping them into three fields: sport and society, social attitudes towards sport, and spaces and organizations. The bibliographic review has been done, above all, from 2005 to 2017, since others have been done focusing on earlier periods. In the conclusion, a general assessment is made and the progressive internationalization of the discipline is verified, something that until 2005 was scarce, which is considered an important indicator of the maturity of the discipline.https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2018.05408El presente artículo comienza explicando cuáles son los orígenes de la Sociología del Deporte en España los cuales que se sitúan en los tiempos de la Transición (1975-1983); durante estos años, el deporte se va convirtiendo progresivamente de ser un objeto de preocupación social a ser un objeto de estudio sociológico. A continuación, se analizan los principales factores de activación de esta disciplina, destacando los procesos de acreditación del profesorado universitario, los cuales actúan como catalizadores del conjunto de aspectos que favorecieron la emergencia de la Sociología del Deporte en España. Por último, se analizan las principales áreas de estudio agrupándolas en tres ámbitos: deporte y sociedad, actitudes sociales frente al deporte y espacios y organizaciones. La revisión bibliográfica se ha hecho, sobre todo, desde 2005 hasta 2017, ya que con anterioridad se ha hecho otras que se han ocupado de períodos anteriores. En la conclusión, se hace una valoración general y se constata la progresiva internacionalización de la disciplina, algo que hasta 2005 era escaso. Dicho aspecto se considera un indicador importante de la madurez de la disciplina

Facing hegemonic masculine structures: experiences of gay men studying physical activity and sport science in Spain

This research is the first to provide insights into the experiences of gay men studying a university degree in Physical Activity and Sport Science (PASS) in Spain. Drawing on Bourdieu's categories, one-to-one semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 PASS students and exstudents that were subsequently studied through deductive-inductive thematic analysis. Our findings show the PASS context to be a heteronormative, masculinised and cisgender social field. Male homosexuality was almost invisible except when antigay language was used. Considering this environment, most of our interviewees chose to remain in the closet, which contributed to low levels of wellbeing and high levels of stress and anxiety. However, the few students that chose to come out experienced relief and felt included by some of their classmates and by staff. Discussed are key aspects of the dominant culture in PASS faculties and the repercussions for the mental health and wellbeing of gay students. Our research also provides new insights into the nature and prevalence of microaggressions regarding sexual orientation that will help PASS and university management develop specific strategies and programmes to foster inclusivity

Living Life Through Sport : The Transition of Elite Spanish Student-Athletes to a University Degree in Physical Activity and Sports Sciences

Interest in studying the different transitions faced by elite athletes throughout their careers has grown significantly in recent years. While transition from secondary school to university is an important research area in Europe, there is a void of studies on how student-athletes experience the transition to specific degrees. One of the most sought-after university degrees among elite athletes in Spain is a degree in Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (PASS). The first aim of this study was to investigate the main demands, barriers, and resources perceived by elite student-athletes in various phases of dual career transition to a university degree in PASS. The second aim was to identify the transition pathways pursued depending on the subjective importance they attached to sport and education. Eleven elite student-athletes (M = 20.7, SD = 1.6 years) who were in their second and third year of the degree in PASS participated in semi-structured interviews. Deductive-inductive thematic analysis of the interview transcripts revealed three main themes: (a) general university transition issues, (b) PASS-specific transition issues, and (c) transition pathways. Our results show that the close link between sport and the content of the degree was perceived by the elite student-athletes as their main resource. This link, however, was also perceived as a major barrier as the compulsory practical subjects entailed a risk of injury or overtraining that could affect both athletic and academic development. We noticed how the importance they attached to sport or studies varied at different moments of the transition period, a phenomenon we termed "fluid transition pathways." Dual career promotion for elite athletes is an important part of European sports policy, and our findings provide new knowledge that could help Spanish PASS faculties develop specific assistance programs to support transitioning student-athletes

Therapeutic Approaches in Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Proteolysis, and Structural Alterations of Diaphragm and Gastrocnemius in Rats With Chronic Heart Failure.

Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) experience exercise intolerance, fatigue and muscle wasting, which negatively influence their survival. We hypothesized that treatment with either the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib of rats with monocrotaline-induced CHF may restore inspiratory and limb muscle mass, function, and structure through several molecular mechanisms involved in protein breakdown and metabolism in the diaphragm and gastrocnemius. In these muscles of CHF-cachectic rats with and without treatment with NAC or bortezomib (N = 10/group) and non-cachectic controls, proteolysis (tyrosine release, proteasome activities, ubiquitin-proteasome markers), oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial function, myosin, NF-κB transcriptional activity, muscle structural abnormalities, and fiber morphometry were analyzed together with muscle and cardiac functions. In diaphragm and gastrocnemius of CHF-cachectic rats, tyrosine release, proteasome activity, protein ubiquitination, atrogin-1, MURF-1, NF-κB activity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and structural abnormalities were increased, while muscle and cardiac functions, myosin content, slow- and fast-twitch fiber sizes, and mitochondrial activity were decreased. Concomitant treatment of CHF-cachectic rats with NAC or bortezomib improved protein catabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, muscle fiber sizes, function and damage, superoxide dismutase and myosin levels, mitochondrial function (complex I, gastrocnemius), cardiac function and decreased NF-κB transcriptional activity in both muscles. Treatment of CHF-cachectic animals with NAC or bortezomib attenuated the functional (heart, muscles), biological, and structural alterations in muscles. Nonetheless, future studies conducted in actual clinical settings are warranted in order to assess the potential beneficial effects and safety concerns of these pharmacological agents on muscle mass loss and wasting in CHF-cachectic patient