Effets d'une exposition in utero à la nicotine sur le développement et la conduction du système cardiaque chez le lapin

More than 50% of newborns death is due to the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Exposure to cigarette smoke represents the highest risk factor for SIDS. Cardiac bradycardias are observed in most cases of SIDS. The cardiac conduction system is molded by a resorptive degeneration process (apoptosis). Nicotine is known to possess anti-apoptotic effects. Therefore, we hypothesized that nicotine disrupts the maturation of the sinoatrial (SAN) and auriculoventricular (AVN) nodes, which in return can cause arrhythmias leading to SIDS. Methods: Osmotic pumps delivering nicotine were subcutaneously implanted in pregnant rabbits at their second week of pregnancy. We then characterized the level of apoptosis in SAN of newborn rabbits exposed or not to nicotine in utero. Moreover, we did immunofluorescence to localize the sodium channels (Na[subscript v]s) within the SAN. Then, using quantitative PCR, we quantified the expression of Na[subscript v]s in the atria and ventricles of the newborn rabbits' hearts at 0, 7, 14 and 30 days postnatal. Finally, we looked at the effect of isoproterenol on the cardiac sodium channels in rabbits exposed or not to nicotine. Results: Nicotine decreased apoptosis at 7 days postnatal, thus preventing the early development of SAN. At 14 and 30 days when serum nicotine levels dropped to 0 ng/ml, apoptosis reached levels similar to unexposed rabbit hearts at 7 days. Nicotine increased the expression pattern of SCN1A and SCN5A in the right atria of control newborn rabbits. Therefore, at 0 day PN, we observed an increase in the expression of SCN1A, SCN4A and SCN5A of respectively 3, 2 and 15 times. At 7 days PN, I observe an increase of expression of 7, 30 and 64 times for SCN1A, SCN4A and SCN5A respectively. At 14 days PN, I notice an increase in the expression of SCN1A, SCN4A and SCN5A of respectively 2, 3 and 7 times. At 30 days PN, I note an increase of expression of SCN5A by 44 times when exposed to nicotine. Finally, I observe that nicotine removes the effect of isoproterenol on the amplitude of cardiac sodium channels. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study demonstrates that nicotine disturbed the resorptive degeneration process and delays the development of the SAN and regionally perturbed expression of SCN1A, SCN4A and SCN5A. These changes can help explain the conduction disturbances observed in SIDS

Enhanced Luminous Efficacy of White LED with Flat Dual-Layer Remote Phosphor Structure

This paper shows the differences in luminous fluxes of two distinguishing dual-layer remote phosphor structures, Flat Dual-Remote Phosphor (FDRP) and Concave Dual-Remote Phosphor (CDRP). The impact of the distance between the two phosphor layers (d_1) and the distance from the phosphor layer to the LED surface (d_2) on the optical properties of the CDRP is also presented. Specifically, when d_1 and d_2 are varied, the scattering and absorption characteristics of the remote phosphor layer change dramatically, which enormously influences the color uniformity and illumination capability of WLEDs. The concentration of YAG:Ce3+ phosphor also needs to be modified so that the correlated color temperature of WLEDs could be maintained at 8500K when d_1 and d_2 are adjusted. In case d_1 = d_2 = 0, the scattering and absorption in the remote phosphor layer are minimal, leading to the infinitesimal color and luminous flux. When d_1 and d_2 get bigger, the scattering surface increases and that the blue and yellow rays are blended becomes more uniform, leading to the minimum white light deviation as well as the lowest luminous flux. According to the studied results, the lumen output can be maximum at 1020lm if d_1 = 0.08mm or d_2 = 0.63mm while the smallest color deviation occurs when d_1 = 0.64mm or d_2 = 1.35mm. Therefore, the researched results will provide further information for choosing the suitable d_1 and d_2 in order to improve the quality of WLEDs

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of bacterial endophytes isolated from leaves of the mangrove plant Rhizophora stylosa

Mangroves are the most productive ecosystems and contain highly diverse plants and microbial communities. Mangrove endophytes are proved to be a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. The biological molecules produced by endophytes play an important role in protection of mangrove plants against herbivores, insects as well as pathogens. The present study aimed to isolate the endophytic bacteria from the mangrove plant Rhizophora stylosa and screen antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extracts from the isolated endophytic bacteria. A total of 64 endophytic bacterial strains from R. stylosa leaves were isolated, of which ethyl acetate extracts of 14 isolated endophytic strains showed antimicrobial activity against at least one of reference microorganisms Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25923, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 27212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12222 and Candida albicans ATCC 7754 with MIC values from 32 to 512 µg/ml. Among them, four strains showed activity against one reference microorganism, five strains showed activity against two reference microorganisms, four strains showed activity against three reference microorganisms, and one strain showed activity against four reference microorganisms. Additionally, the ethyl acetate extracts of 12 isolated endophytic bacteria showed ATBS and DPPH radical scavenging activity with scavenging values from 36.27 ± 2.6% to 71.46 ± 6.6% and from 26.22 ± 3.3% to 57.38 ± 5.8%, respectively. The identification of the five most active endophytic bacteria by 16S rRNA sequences revealed that the endophytes belonged to four genera, including Bacillus, Streptomyces, Pseudovibrio and Pseudomonas. The obtained results suggest that the endophytic bacteria from mangrove plants are a promising reservoir of antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.      

Study protocol: Early neurological deterioration in patients with minor stroke, frequency, predictors, and outcomes in Vietnam single-centre study

Early neurological deterioration (END) is progressive neurological deterioration with an increase in NIHSS score of 2 points or more in the first 72 hours from the onset of acute ischemic stroke. END increases the risk of poor clinical outcomes at day 90 of ischemic stroke. We will study the frequency, predictors, and outcomes of patients with END in a case-control study at a comprehensive stroke centre in Vietnam. of the design is a descriptive observational study, longitudinal follow-up of patients with minor stroke hospitalized at the Stroke Center of Bach Mai Hospital from December 1, 2023, to December 1, 2024. Minor stroke patients characterized by NIHSS score ≤ 5 hospitalized within 24 hours of symptom onset will be recruited. The estimated END rate is about 30%, relative accuracy ε = 0.11, 95% reliability, expected 5% of patients lost data or follow-up, and an estimated sample size of 779 patients. This study will help determine the END rate in patients with minor stroke and related factors, thereby building a prognostic model for END. Our study determined the END rate in patients with minor stroke in Vietnam and also proposed risk factors for minor stroke management and treatment

A study on vegetative propagation of Huperzia serrata by cuttings in Sa Pa, Lao Cai

Huperzia serrata is a precious medicinal plant used in medicine to support and treat Alzheimer's disease. Currently, this species is in danger of extinction due to indiscriminate exploitation for commercial purposes. Furthermore, this species reproduces slowly and is difficult to cultivate artificially. The reproduction by spores of this species is very long and takes 15−20 years from the spore germination to mature plant, whereas asexual reproduction by tissue culture is also difficult. Therefore, cutting is an effective method to propagate this species on a large scale. In this study, we surveyed the factors affecting the survival rate, the rooting and the number of new leaves of the stem cuttings, including cutting length, growing substrate, and effects of growth-regulating hormones IBA (0 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm) and α-NAA (0 ppm, 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm and 40 ppm). The experimental results showed that using cuttings of 6 cm in length treated with IBA at a concentration of 1000 ppm for 30 mins and cultured on the substrate mixture of soil, decomposed animal manure and rice husk at a ratio of 3:1:1 was the best for cuttings of H. serrata in Sa Pa. The results of this study will contribute to the conservation and development of genetic source of H. serrata in Vietnam.

Effects of water scarcity awareness and climate change belief on recycled water usage willingness: Evidence from New Mexico, United States

The global water crisis is being exacerbated by climate change, even in the United States. Recycled water is a feasible alternative to alleviate the water shortage, but it is constrained by humans’ perceptions. The current study examines how residents’ water scarcity awareness and climate change belief influence their willingness to use recycled water directly and indirectly. Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics was employed on a dataset of 1831 residents in Albuquerque, New Mexico, an arid inland region in the US. We discovered that residents’ willingness to use direct recycled potable water is positively affected by their awareness of water scarcity, but the effect is conditional on their belief in the impacts of climate change on the water cycle. Meanwhile, the willingness to use indirect recycled potable water is influenced by water scarcity awareness, and the belief in climate change further enhances this effect. These findings implicate that fighting climate change denialism and informing the public of the water scarcity situation in the region can contribute to the effectiveness and sustainability of long-term water conservation and climate change alleviation efforts

Safety and efficacy of fluoxetine on functional outcome after acute stroke (AFFINITY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Trials of fluoxetine for recovery after stroke report conflicting results. The Assessment oF FluoxetINe In sTroke recoverY (AFFINITY) trial aimed to show if daily oral fluoxetine for 6 months after stroke improves functional outcome in an ethnically diverse population. Methods AFFINITY was a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial done in 43 hospital stroke units in Australia (n=29), New Zealand (four), and Vietnam (ten). Eligible patients were adults (aged ≥18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of acute stroke in the previous 2–15 days, brain imaging consistent with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, and a persisting neurological deficit that produced a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 1 or more. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 via a web-based system using a minimisation algorithm to once daily, oral fluoxetine 20 mg capsules or matching placebo for 6 months. Patients, carers, investigators, and outcome assessors were masked to the treatment allocation. The primary outcome was functional status, measured by the mRS, at 6 months. The primary analysis was an ordinal logistic regression of the mRS at 6 months, adjusted for minimisation variables. Primary and safety analyses were done according to the patient's treatment allocation. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611000774921. Findings Between Jan 11, 2013, and June 30, 2019, 1280 patients were recruited in Australia (n=532), New Zealand (n=42), and Vietnam (n=706), of whom 642 were randomly assigned to fluoxetine and 638 were randomly assigned to placebo. Mean duration of trial treatment was 167 days (SD 48·1). At 6 months, mRS data were available in 624 (97%) patients in the fluoxetine group and 632 (99%) in the placebo group. The distribution of mRS categories was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (adjusted common odds ratio 0·94, 95% CI 0·76–1·15; p=0·53). Compared with patients in the placebo group, patients in the fluoxetine group had more falls (20 [3%] vs seven [1%]; p=0·018), bone fractures (19 [3%] vs six [1%]; p=0·014), and epileptic seizures (ten [2%] vs two [<1%]; p=0·038) at 6 months. Interpretation Oral fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve functional outcome and increased the risk of falls, bone fractures, and epileptic seizures. These results do not support the use of fluoxetine to improve functional outcome after stroke

Le rôle du système rénine-angiotensine et de la différence liée au sexe dans la fibrillation auriculaire chez la souris

La fibrillation auriculaire (FA) est l’arythmie cardiaque soutenue la plus fréquente mondialement. En effet, elle touche 1 à 2 % de la population générale et augmente jusqu’à 10% chez les personnes âgées de plus de 80 ans. En plus d’être une importante source de complications cardiovasculaires, de morbidité et de mortalité, elle représente plus de 33 % des hospitalisations liées à des troubles cardiovasculaires. Plusieurs facteurs de risque peuvent entraîner la FA, tels que le sexe masculin et l’âge, mais également des conditions cliniques comme l’insuffisance cardiaque, l’hypertension, le diabète et l’exercice physique d’endurance. De ce fait, cette thèse porte sur l’association entre le système rénine angiotensine, le sexe masculin et la prévalence à la fibrillation auriculaire. Des expériences au niveau cellulaire et moléculaire ont été effectuées dans le but d’étudier le remodelage électrophysiologique et structurel impliqué dans le développement de la fibrillation auriculaire. Les résultats démontrent qu’une surexpression spécifique au niveau cardiaque des récepteur de type 1 de l’angiotensine II cause une diminution de l’expression des courants Na+ et des connexines 40 perturbant ainsi la conduction auriculaire. Parallèlement, les souris mâles sont deux fois plus susceptibles aux événements de fibrillation auriculaire que les femelles et cette prévalence est associée à une plus faible expression de connexines 40. Par contre, suite à la castration, le nombre d’événements de fibrillation ainsi que l’expression génique de connexines 40 atteignent des niveaux similaires à ceux retrouvés chez les souris femelles, confirmant la contribution des androgènes dans la genèse de la FA. En somme, cette baisse de vitesse de conduction, causée par une diminution de connexines 40, entraîne une augmentation du risque de fibrillation auriculaire via l’apparition de foyers d’activités ectopiques et de phénomènes de réentrées. De plus, nous avons démontré que les androgènes jouent un rôle majeur dans la diminution de l’expression des connexines 40 et qu’elle est associée à la plus haute prévalence de fibrillation auriculaire observée chez les hommes. Nos résultats tendent à prouver que l’on pourrait développer des thérapies spécifiques au sexe ou à certains mécanismes impliqués dans le déclenchement de la fibrillation auriculaire.Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. Indeed, atrial fibrillation affects 1 to 2 % of the general population and up to 10 % of the population older than 80 years old. Besides being an important source of cardiovascular complications, morbidity and mortality, atrial fibrillation represents more than one third of all hospitalisations related to cardiovascular diseases. Many risk factors can lead to atrial fibrillation occurence, such as male sex and age, but also clinical disorders such as heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, and endurance training Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to study the association between the renin-angiotensin system, male sex and the prevalence of atrial fibrillation. Experiences at the cellular (electrophysiology) and molecular level will be done to evaluate the role of electrophysiological and structural remodeling in the development of atrial fibrillation. Briefly, the results show that a cardiac specific overexpression of angiotensin II type 1 receptors causes a decrease in the expression of Na+ currents and connexin 40 leading to the disruption of atrial conduction. Of note, male mice were two times as susceptible to atrial fibrillation events than female and this prevalence is associated with a lower expression of connexin 40. However, following orchiectomy, the number of atrial fibrillation events and the expression level of connexin 40 gene reached similar values as those found in the female mice. In summary, this reduction in conduction velocity caused by a reduction of connexin 40 and Na+ currents can lead to an increased risk of atrial fibrillation due to the occurence of focal ectopic activity and re-entry phenomenon. Furthermore, we showed that androgen seems to be responsible for the decreased connexin 40 expression associated with the higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation observed in men. Thus, these results might allow the development of specific therapies based on sex or specific to certain forms of atrial fibrillation

Effets d'une exposition in utero à la nicotine sur le développement et la conduction du système cardiaque chez le lapin

More than 50% of newborns death is due to the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Exposure to cigarette smoke represents the highest risk factor for SIDS. Cardiac bradycardias are observed in most cases of SIDS. The cardiac conduction system is molded by a resorptive degeneration process (apoptosis). Nicotine is known to possess anti-apoptotic effects. Therefore, we hypothesized that nicotine disrupts the maturation of the sinoatrial (SAN) and auriculoventricular (AVN) nodes, which in return can cause arrhythmias leading to SIDS. Methods: Osmotic pumps delivering nicotine were subcutaneously implanted in pregnant rabbits at their second week of pregnancy. We then characterized the level of apoptosis in SAN of newborn rabbits exposed or not to nicotine in utero. Moreover, we did immunofluorescence to localize the sodium channels (Na[subscript v]s) within the SAN. Then, using quantitative PCR, we quantified the expression of Na[subscript v]s in the atria and ventricles of the newborn rabbits' hearts at 0, 7, 14 and 30 days postnatal. Finally, we looked at the effect of isoproterenol on the cardiac sodium channels in rabbits exposed or not to nicotine. Results: Nicotine decreased apoptosis at 7 days postnatal, thus preventing the early development of SAN. At 14 and 30 days when serum nicotine levels dropped to 0 ng/ml, apoptosis reached levels similar to unexposed rabbit hearts at 7 days. Nicotine increased the expression pattern of SCN1A and SCN5A in the right atria of control newborn rabbits. Therefore, at 0 day PN, we observed an increase in the expression of SCN1A, SCN4A and SCN5A of respectively 3, 2 and 15 times. At 7 days PN, I observe an increase of expression of 7, 30 and 64 times for SCN1A, SCN4A and SCN5A respectively. At 14 days PN, I notice an increase in the expression of SCN1A, SCN4A and SCN5A of respectively 2, 3 and 7 times. At 30 days PN, I note an increase of expression of SCN5A by 44 times when exposed to nicotine. Finally, I observe that nicotine removes the effect of isoproterenol on the amplitude of cardiac sodium channels. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study demonstrates that nicotine disturbed the resorptive degeneration process and delays the development of the SAN and regionally perturbed expression of SCN1A, SCN4A and SCN5A. These changes can help explain the conduction disturbances observed in SIDS