Contingencias legales, ambientales y económicas del cierre de unidades mineras en el Perú

Estamos en el año 2021 y transcurridos más de quince años de la regulación de los Planes de Cierre de Minas, ya se encuentran en cierre final algunas unidades mineras y se van presentando situaciones que ponen a prueba el marco regulatorio, como el abandono de operaciones sin cumplir con el cierre de minas, la ejecución de las cartas fianzas que resultan insuficientes para financiar el cierre, la ausencia de normas que definan a las autoridades que acciones deben seguir para realizar el cierre de minas o la postergación de cierre de las minas o las transferencias de minas próximas al cierre, lo que genera incertidumbre sobre si la existencia de los planes de cierre y las garantías financieras constituidas en favor del Ministerio de Energía y Minas son eficientes para evitar dichas contingencias. La presente investigación hace una revisión del marco legal existente a nivel nacional e internacional de algunos países mineros, respecto de cómo se regulan los cierres de minas, en especial enfocado en los instrumentos económicos previstos en sus ordenamientos y que riesgos existen en nuestro marco legal vigente a efectos de proponer alternativas regulatorias que busquen minimizar los riesgos legales, ambientales y económicos asociados ante el incumplimiento del cierre de minas. Como parte del estudio además revisaremos 4 casos de unidades mineras que buscan mostrar los diversos problemas advertidos en el cierre de minas y así poder proponer soluciones a los riesgos advertidos. Estas propuestas incluyen nuevos mecanismos económicos a los vigentes que permitan asegurar que los privados puedan contar con los recursos suficientes para financiar el cierre de minas o que el Estado los pueda realizar en especial en el caso de tratamiento de aguas permanentes. Generalmente se visualiza al cierre de minas como actividades futuras lo que impide detectar las inconsistencias o vacíos de la regulación en la actualidad. El propósito principal de la investigación es llamar la atención sobre las posibles contingencias que se pudiesen presentar (y que se están presentando) en la ejecución de los planes de cierres de minas en el Perú a efecto que las autoridades y la industria puedan modificar de manera oportuna las normas vigentes y evitar que la responsabilidad del cierre efectivo de minas se traslade al Estado y se terminen externalizando los impactos ambientales y costos económicos a la sociedad de proyectos de inversión privados.We are in the year 2021 and after more than fifteen years of the regulation of the Mine Closure Plans, some mining units are already in final closure and situations that put the regulatory framework to the test, such as the abandonment of operations without comply with the closure of mines, the execution of letters of guarantee that are insufficient to finance the closure, the absence of regulations that define the authorities what actions they must follow to carry out the closure of mines or the postponement of closure of mines or transfers of mines close to closure, which generates uncertainty as to whether the existence of closure plans and financial guarantees established in favor of the Ministry of Energy and Mines are efficient to avoid such contingencies. This research makes a review of the existing legal framework at the national and international level of some mining countries, regarding how mine closures are regulated, especially focused on the economic instruments provided for in their regulations and what risks exist in our current legal framework in order to propose regulatory alternatives that seek to minimize the legal, environmental and economic risks associated with non-compliance with the closure of mines. As part of the study, we will also review 4 cases of mining units that seek to show the various problems noted in the closure of mines and thus be able to propose solutions to the risks noted. These proposals include new economic mechanisms to those in force to ensure that private companies can have sufficient resources to finance the closure of mines or that the State can carry them out, especially in the case of permanent water treatment. Generally, the closure of mines is viewed as future activities, which prevents the detection of inconsistencies or gaps in current regulation. The main purpose of the investigation is to draw attention to the possible contingencies that may arise (and are occurring) in the execution of mine closure plans in Peru so that the authorities and the industry can modify in a way the current regulations are timely and avoid that responsibility for the effective closure of mines is transferred to the State and the environmental impacts and economic costs of private investment projects end up being outsourced to society

Intensification of e-commerce during the Covid-19 emergency in Peruvian MSEs

The declaration of a State of National Emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic had an adverse and unexpected impact on micro and small enterprises in Peru. These businesses were limited in their access to the most conventional and widely used method of conducting transactions: physical markets. According to the results of the National Business Survey conducted during the first year of the emergency, only 8.1% of them were selling online prior to the pandemic. However, many of these companies began to adopt strategies involving the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and digital payment methods, such as e-wallets. Through the implementation of a two-stage econometric model, it has been shown that the adoption of digital strategies, previously achieved sales reach, and the availability of transportation means by firms are positively correlated with the likelihood of increasing sales made online.La declaración del Estado de Emergencia Nacional debido a la pandemia de COVID-19 supuso un impacto adverso e inesperado para las micro y pequeñas empresas en Perú. Estas empresas se vieron limitadas en su acceso al método más convencional y utilizado para llevar a cabo transacciones: los mercados físicos. Según los resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Empresas llevada a cabo durante el primer año de la emergencia, solo el 8.1% de ellas realizaba ventas en línea antes de la pandemia. Sin embargo, muchas de estas empresas comenzaron a adoptar estrategias que involucraban el uso de Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) y métodos de pago digitales, como las billeteras electrónicas. A través de la implementación de un modelo econométrico en dos etapas, se ha demostrado que la adopción de estrategias digitales, el alcance de ventas previamente logrado y la disponibilidad de medios de transporte por parte de las empresas están positivamente correlacionados con la probabilidad de incrementar las ventas realizadas en línea

High-sensitivity c-reactive protein epidemiological behavior in adult individuals from Maracaibo, Venezuela

Objectives: High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) is one of the most applied inflammation markers; therefore, the main objective of this research is to evaluate its epidemiological behavior in adult subjects of the Maracaibo City, Venezuela. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,422 subjects, 704 women (49.5%) and 718 men (50.5%), were enrolled in the Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study. The results were expressed as medians and inter-quartile ranges (p25-p75). Differences were determined through the Mann-Whitney U test and one-way ANOVA test with the Bonferroni adjustment. A multiple logistic regression model was designed for the analysis of the main factors associated with high serum hs-CRP levels. Results: Overall hs-CRP median was 0,.372 mg/L (0.126- 0.765 mg/L), 0,382 mg/L (0.122-0.829 mg/L) for women and 0.365 mg/L (0.133-0.712 mg/L) for men; p=0.616. An increasing pattern was observed in hs-CRP concentrations through age, BMI, waist circumference and HOMA2-IR categories. After adjusting for independent variables, a greater risk for elevated hs-CRP levels was observed with female gender, hypertriacylglyceridemia, obesity, diagnosis of metabolic syndrome and very large waist circumference values. Conclusions: Elevated hs-CRP levels are related to the metabolic syndrome but not with each of their separate components, being a greater waist circumference one of the more important risk factors, but only at values much higher than those proposed for our population.&nbsp

4to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

Este volumen acoge la memoria académica de la Cuarta edición del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2017, desarrollado entre el 29 de noviembre y el 1 de diciembre de 2017 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS) en su sede de Guayaquil. El Congreso ofreció un espacio para la presentación, difusión e intercambio de importantes investigaciones nacionales e internacionales ante la comunidad universitaria que se dio cita en el encuentro. El uso de herramientas tecnológicas para la gestión de los trabajos de investigación como la plataforma Open Conference Systems y la web de presentación del Congreso http://citis.blog.ups.edu.ec/, hicieron de CITIS 2017 un verdadero referente entre los congresos que se desarrollaron en el país. La preocupación de nuestra Universidad, de presentar espacios que ayuden a generar nuevos y mejores cambios en la dimensión humana y social de nuestro entorno, hace que se persiga en cada edición del evento la presentación de trabajos con calidad creciente en cuanto a su producción científica. Quienes estuvimos al frente de la organización, dejamos plasmado en estas memorias académicas el intenso y prolífico trabajo de los días de realización del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad al alcance de todos y todas

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Relative Growth and Size Structure of Achelous spinicarpus Stimpson, 1871 Associated with Shrimp Trawling in the State of Veracruz

The objective was to analyse the relative growth and size structure of Achelous spinicarpus associated with trawling in Veracruz. The organisms came from shrimp trawls carried out in July 2013. There were 45 trawls organized in two depth intervals (B: 22 to 46 m and C: >46 m) and 14 fishing quadrants. Abundance, mean and standard deviation, by sex and depth interval, and sex ratio were determined. An ANOVA was applied to compare CW means, depth intervals and fishing quadrants. The CW-weight relationship was obtained, and growth type was also determined. Length-frequency analyses were carried out. A total of 2377 crabs were collected, 1164 males and 713 females. The overall average CW was 3.65 ± 0.7677 cm, the minimum value was 1.50 cm, and the maximum was 6.00 cm. For males, the average CW was 3.65 ± 0.8242 cm, with1.50 cm minimum value and 6.00 cm maximum value. The average CW of females was 3.64 ± 0.6164 cm, with 1.60 cm minimum value and 5.90 cm maximum value. There were no statistically significant differences in CW between males and females. However, there were significant differences between depth intervals (B and C) for the total and sex CW data. The sex ratio was 2.94:1 and 2.05:1 for depth intervals B and C, and 2.33:1 for the total data set. Growth type was allometric negative for both sexes and overall, with significant differences in slopes between sexes. There was a unimodal pattern for the two fishing depth intervals and for each sex; crabs were between 2.40 and 4.00 cm (77.64%) and between 2.56 and 5.12 (91.12%) for the B and C intervals, respectively. In males, 88.46% were between 2.40 and 4.80 cm, and 90.46% of females were between 2.72 and 4.64 cm. Achelous spinicarpus is an essential species in the structure of the brachyuran assemblage and in benthic communities, as well as a food resource for various species of demersal fish. Thus, the present study provides information on the population subjected to the impact of fishing activity in the area, allowing comparisons between different populations in the species’ area of distribution

Estadística Aplicada II - MA145 - 202101

El curso de Estadística Aplicada II es una asignatura de naturaleza teórico-práctico dirigido a estudiantes de cuarto ciclo de las carreras de Ingeniería Industrial e Ingeniería de Gestión Empresarial. Busca que el estudiante aplique técnicas y herramientas de la estadística inferencial para analizar información y proponer alternativas de solución a los problemas propios del contexto de su especialidad. Durante el curso, se resuelven casos con el propósito de generar las habilidades necesarias en los estudiantes para diseñar propuestas de proyectos de investigación aplicada. El curso considera el uso del programa MS Excel y el software estadístico MINITAB como instrumentos de apoyo para el procesamiento de los datos. Propósito El curso de estadística aplicada II tiene como propósito brindar al futuro profesional en ingeniería, un conjunto de herramientas de análisis de información cuantitativa para la toma de decisiones en situaciones reales de su carrera. El curso tiene por objetivo desarrollar competencias generales de razonamiento cuantitativo y pensamiento crítico a un nivel 2. Tiene como prerrequisito el curso Estadística Aplicada I

Self-Assembled Monolayer of Monomercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate on a Polycrystalline Gold Surface

In this work, we present an electrochemical study of the boron cage monomercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate [B12H11SH]2− in solution and in a self-assembled monolayer over a polycrystalline gold electrode. Cyclic voltammetry of the anion [B12H11SH]2− in solution showed a shift in the peak potentials related to the redox processes of gold hydroxides, which evidences the interaction between the boron cage and the gold surface. For an Au electrode modified with the anion [B12H11SH]2−, cyclic voltammetry response of the probe Fe(CN)63−/Fe(CN)64− showed a ΔEp value typical for a surface modification. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy presented Rtc and Cdl values related to the formation of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). A comparison of electrochemical responses of a modified electrode with thioglycolic acid (TGA) reveals that the boron cage [B12H11SH]2− diminishes the actives sites over the Au surface due to the steric effects. Differential capacitance measurements for bare gold electrode and those modified with [B12H11SH]2− and (TGA), indicate that bulky thiols enhance charge accumulation at the electrode–solution interface. In addition to electrochemical experiments, DFT calculations and surface plasmon resonance measurements (SPR) were carried out to obtain quantum chemical descriptors and to evaluate the molecular length and the dielectric constant of the Boron cage. From SPR experiments, the adsorption kinetics of [B12H11SH]2− were studied. The data fit for a Langmuir kinetic equation, typical for the formation of a monolayer