Study of the extraction process of papain from latex of papaya (carica papaya l.) fruits cv. maradol

In this work, we studied the extraction process of papain, present in the latex of papaya fruit (Carica papaya L.) cv. Maradol.  The variables studied in the extraction of papain were: latex:alcohol ratio (1:2.1 and 1:3) and drying method (vacuum and refractance window).  Papain enzyme responses were obtained in terms of enzymatic activity and yield of the extraction process. The best result in terms of enzyme activity and yield was obtained by vacuum drying and a latex:alcohol ratio of 1:3. The enzyme obtained was characterized by physicochemical and microbiological properties and, enzymatic activity when compared with a commercial sample used as standard.Neste trabalho foi estudado o processo de extração da papaína presente no látex de frutos de mamão (Carica papaya L.) cultivar Maradol. As variáveis estudadas na extração da papaína foram proporção de látex:álcool (1:2.1 e 1:3) e tipo de secagem (à vácuo e por refractance window). As respostas obtidas foram atividade enzimática da enzima e rendimento do processo de extração. O melhor resultado em termos de atividade enzimática e rendimento foi obtido nas condições de secagem à vácuo e proporção látex:álcool de 1:3. A enzima obtida foi caracterizada por testes físico-químicos, microbiológicos e de atividade enzimática e comparada com uma amostra comercial usada como padrão

Business plan energy services company - Energy Solutions S.A.S.

El presente documento contiene el plan de negocio y el análisis de factibilidad para la constitución de una empresa de servicios energéticos en la ciudad de Bogotá, en la primera sección se realiza un análisis de la situación energética colombiana con énfasis en la electricidad, analizando la posibilidad de implementación de procesos de generación desde fuentes no convencionales de energía renovable y de mejoramiento del uso de la energía.This document contains the business plan and the feasibility analysis for the constitution of an energy services company in the city of Bogotá, in the first section an analysis of the Colombian energy situation is carried out with an emphasis on electricity, analyzing the possibility implementation of generation processes from non-conventional sources of renewable energy and improvement of energy use.Magíster en Proyectos de Desarrollo SostenibleMaestrí

Cellulose nanofibers produced from banana peel by chemical and mechanical treatments: characterization and cytotoxicity assessment

Cellulose nanoparticles from a vegetable source (cellulose fiber) have been evaluated for future use as reinforcement of polymeric matrixes (e.g., biodegradable films). Cellulose nanoparticles have numerous advantages: they are inexpensive and biodegradable, and they originate from renewable sources. Here, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were isolated from banana peel by chemical (alkaline treatment and bleaching followed by acid hydrolysis with 0.1, 1, or 10% (v/v) H2SO4) and mechanical (high pressure homogenizer) treatments. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis showed all treatments effectively isolated banana fibers at the nanometer scale (average diameter of 3.72 nm). CNFs displayed -potential values ranging from -37.60 to -67.37 mV, which prevented their aggregation. CNFs had high crystallinity values, from 63.1 to 66.4%, which indicated they could be good reinforcing agents. FTIR results confirmed that the chemical and mechanical treatments removed the amorphous fractions. Regarding cytotoxicity, low CNF concentrations (50-500 g/mL) did not cause cell death, but CNFs at concentrations above 1000 g/mL significantly decreased cell viability. The use of different sulfuric acid concentrations provided more detailed knowledge of the treatment methods and CNF features, which could help to improve the CNF production process. The combination of chemical and mechanical treatments proved to be an efficient strategy to prepare CNFs from banana peels as a potential reinforcing agent of polymeric matrixes (e.g., food packaging).The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by Coordenaçao de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível ~ Superior (2952/2011), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnologico (150523/2013-0 and 140274/2014-6), and CAPES/FCT 349/13 for the PhD exchange program. Joana T. Martins acknowledges the Foundation for Science and Technology for her fellowship (SFRH/BPD/89992/2012). This study was supported by FCT under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/ 2013 unit and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684) and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. This study was also supported by FCT under the scope of the Project RECI/BBBEBI/0179/2012 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462). The authors would also like to acknowledge the Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano) for allocation of the TEM and AFM apparatus.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Global overview of the management of acute cholecystitis during the COVID-19 pandemic (CHOLECOVID study)

Background: This study provides a global overview of the management of patients with acute cholecystitis during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: CHOLECOVID is an international, multicentre, observational comparative study of patients admitted to hospital with acute cholecystitis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data on management were collected for a 2-month study interval coincident with the WHO declaration of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and compared with an equivalent pre-pandemic time interval. Mediation analysis examined the influence of SARS-COV-2 infection on 30-day mortality. Results: This study collected data on 9783 patients with acute cholecystitis admitted to 247 hospitals across the world. The pandemic was associated with reduced availability of surgical workforce and operating facilities globally, a significant shift to worse severity of disease, and increased use of conservative management. There was a reduction (both absolute and proportionate) in the number of patients undergoing cholecystectomy from 3095 patients (56.2 per cent) pre-pandemic to 1998 patients (46.2 per cent) during the pandemic but there was no difference in 30-day all-cause mortality after cholecystectomy comparing the pre-pandemic interval with the pandemic (13 patients (0.4 per cent) pre-pandemic to 13 patients (0.6 per cent) pandemic; P = 0.355). In mediation analysis, an admission with acute cholecystitis during the pandemic was associated with a non-significant increased risk of death (OR 1.29, 95 per cent c.i. 0.93 to 1.79, P = 0.121). Conclusion: CHOLECOVID provides a unique overview of the treatment of patients with cholecystitis across the globe during the first months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The study highlights the need for system resilience in retention of elective surgical activity. Cholecystectomy was associated with a low risk of mortality and deferral of treatment results in an increase in avoidable morbidity that represents the non-COVID cost of this pandemic

Gestión del conocimiento: perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 12

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, Volumen 12, de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro cuenta con el apoyo de los grupos de investigación: Universidad Sur del Lago “Jesús María Semprúm” (UNESUR), Zulia – Venezuela; Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Falcón Alonso Gamero (UPTAG), Falcón – Venezuela; Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Mérida Kleber Ramírez (UPTM), Mérida – Venezuela; Universidad Guanajuato (UG) - Campus Celaya - Salvatierra - Cuerpo Académico de Biodesarrollo y Bioeconomía en las Organizaciones y Políticas Públicas (C.A.B.B.O.P.P), Guanajuato – México; Centro de Altos Estudios de Venezuela (CEALEVE), Zulia – Venezuela, Centro Integral de Formación Educativa Especializada del Sur (CIFE - SUR) - Zulia - Venezuela, Centro de Investigaciones Internacionales SAS (CIN), Antioquia - Colombia.y diferentes grupos de investigación del ámbito nacional e internacional que hoy se unen para estrechar vínculos investigativos, para que sus aportes científicos formen parte de los libros que se publiquen en formatos digital e impreso

La propiedad contra la naturaleza: visiones históricas de la naturaleza como propiedad del hombre y una propuesta alternativa

Desde los orígenes de la civilización, la visión prevaleciente de la naturaleza ha sido de objeto de apropiación con carácter productivo. Tal visión desde hace pocas décadas da señales de fracturarse a causa de ciencias como la ecología, así como de visiones éticas y jurídicas alternativas que consideran a la naturaleza sujeto de derechos. El haber considerado la naturaleza únicamente desde su carácter productivo, si bien ha permitido el desarrollo en varios aspectos de la civilización humana, ha causado la extenuación el medio ambiente y hasta el fundamento biológico de la misma civilización. Para enmendar esa falla histórica de solo ver solo el carácter productivo de la naturaleza, se plantean dos nuevos conceptos: La Propiedad Productiva y la Propiedad Biótica. Con el reconocimiento de la Propiedad Biótica se considera imperativo el deber de custodia sobre ésta y su remuneración por parte quienes se benefician de ésta, de los consumidores de recursos naturales, a fin de lograr una racionalización de los flujos de materiales entre la naturaleza y la sociedad. Finalmente, se propone una metodología para cuantificar tal remuneración en función de los efectos que tiene la producción de recursos naturales sobre los ecosistemas.Since the origins of civilization, the prevailing vision of nature has been that of an object of appropriation with a productive character. In recent decades, this vision has shown signs of fracturing because of sciences such as ecology, as well as alternative ethical and legal visions that consider nature as a subject of rights. Having considered nature only from its productive character, although it has allowed the development of several aspects of human civilization, has caused the exhaustion of the environment and even the biological foundation of civilization itself. To amend this historical failure of seeing only the productive character of nature, two new concepts are proposed: Productive Property and Biotic Property. With the recognition of Biotic Property, it is considered imperative the duty of custody over it and its remuneration by those who benefit from it, the consumers of natural resources, in order to achieve a rationalization of the flow of materials between nature and society. Finally, a methodology is proposed to quantify such remuneration according to the effects that the production of natural resources has on ecosystems.MaestríaFacultad Derecho::Magíster en Derecho del Estado con Énfasis en Regulación Minera, Energética y Petroler

Microcomposites, nanocamposites and edible coatings based on biodegradable materials from Canna indica L

Orientadores: Florencia Cecilia Menegalli, Delia Rita Tapia BlácidoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosDoutoradoEngenharia de AlimentosDoutor em Engenharia de Alimento