Mecanismos dos núcleos central da amígdala e parabraquial lateral no controle da ingestão de sódio

The central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) are important areas for the control of sodium appetite. The functional integrity of the CeA is critical to sodium and water intake when LPBN the inhibitory mechanisms are deactivated. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the role of different neurotransmitters of the CeA in the control of sodium and water intake induced by a) sodium depletion and b) after blockade of LPBN inhibitory mechanisms. Male Holtzman rats with stainless steel guide cannula implanted bilaterally only in CeA or both into the CeA and LPBN were used. Sodium (0.3 M NaCl) intake was evaluated in satiated, hyperosmotic and sodium-depleted rats. In sodium-depleted animals, bilateral administration of α2- adrenergic/imidazoline receptor agonist moxonidine (10 nmol) into CeA reduced 0.3 M NaCl and water intake. Moreover, bilateral injections of muscimol (0.25 nmol) into CeA reduced sodium intake without change water intake. Oxytocin receptors activation or its blockade in the CeA, blockade of muscarinic cholinergic receptor or activation of 5HT2A/2C serotonergic receptor into the CeA did not change 0.3 M NaCl or water intake in sodium-depleted animals. Bilateral injections of opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (40 μg) into the CeA did not significantly change 0.3 M NaCl and water intake in sodium-depleted animals. However, sodium and water intake induced by bilateral injections of muscimol (0.5 nmol) into the LPBN in satiated animals were completely abolished after bilateral injections of naloxone (40 μg) into CeA. Furthermore, paradoxical sodium intake observed in rats that received oral gavage with 2 M NaCl (2 ml/rat) combined with bilateral injections of moxonidine (0.5 nmol) in LPBN was also blocked by bilateral naloxone (40 μg) into the CeA. 0.3 M NaCl and water intake induced by bilateral muscimol injections (0.5 nmol) into LPBN in satiated animals were abolished by blocking AT1 angiotensin receptors (losartan - 20 μg) in CeA. In sodium-depleted animals, bilateral injections of losartan (20 μg) into the CeA significantly reduced water intake but did not affect sodium intake. Bilateral injections of the aldosterone antagonist RU 28318 (50 ng) did not change sodium and water intake induced by sodium depletion. Present results suggest that ocitocinergic, cholinergic muscarinic, 5-HT2A/2C serotonergic receptors and aldosterone receptors of the CeA do not participate in the control of 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by sodium depletion. Moreover, present results suggest that GABAergic and α2-adrenergic receptors of the CeA have an inhibitory role for sodium appetite in this situation. Although opioids and angiotensinergic mechanisms of the CeA apparently do not contribute to sodium depletion-induced sodium intake, opioidergic and angiotensinergic mechanisms in CeA are essential for sodium intake when the LPBN inhibitory mechanisms are blockade by LPBN muscimol injection. In addition, opioidergic mechanisms in CeA are also essential for the paradoxical sodium intake by hyperosmotic animals when the inhibitory mechanisms are attenuated by LPBN moxonidine. Therefore, the activation of opioidergic and angiotensinergic receptors of the CeA is required for sodium intake observed after removal or attenuation of LPBN inhibitory mechanisms.Financiadora de Estudos e ProjetosO núcleo central da amígdala (CeA) e o núcleo parabraquial lateral (NPBL) são regiões importantíssimas para o controle da ingestão sódio e água. A integridade funcional do CeA é fundamental para a ingestão de sódio e água quando ocorre redução da atividade dos mecanismos inibitórios do NPBL. Portanto, os objetivos do presente estudo foram investigar a participação de alguns neurotransmissores no CeA no controle da ingestão de sódio e água induzida a) por desidratação extracelular e b) após o bloqueio dos mecanismos inibitórios do NPBL. Para tanto foram utilizados ratos Holtzman com cânulas guia de aço inoxidável implantadas bilateralmente apenas no CeA ou bilateralmente no CeA e no NPBL. A ingestão de NaCl 1,8% foi avaliada em animais saciados, hiperosmóticos ou com depleção de sódio. Em animais depletados de sódio, a administração bilateral do agonista de receptores adrenérgicos α2/imidazólicos moxonidina (10 nmol), assim como a de muscimol (0,25 nmol) no CeA reduziram a ingestão de NaCl 1,8%. A ativação ou bloqueio dos receptores de ocitocina, o bloqueio de receptores muscarínicos, ativação de receptores serotenérgicos 5-HT2A/2C, ou ainda o bloqueio de receptores de aldosterona no CeA não modificaram a ingestão de sódio e água. Contudo, injeções bilaterais de losartan (20 μg) no CeA reduziram a ingestão de água, mas não modificaram a ingestão de sódio em animais depletados. Já a ingestão de sódio e água induzidas por muscimol (0,5 nmol) no NPBL em animais saciados foram abolidas após bloqueio de receptores AT1 de angiotensina com administração de losartan no CeA. Administração bilateral de naloxona (40 μg) no CeA não modificou a ingestão de NaCl 1,8% e de água em animais desidratados. No entanto, a ingestão de sódio e água induzidas por injeções bilaterais de muscimol (0,5 nmol) no NPBL em animais saciados foram completamente bloqueadas após injeções bilaterais de naloxona no CeA. Além disso, a ingestão paradoxal de NaCl 0,3 M observada em ratos hiperosmóticos após o tratamento bilateral de moxonidina no NPBL também foi bloqueada pelas injeções de naloxona no CeA. Os presentes resultados sugerem que receptores ocitocinérgicos, colinérgicos muscarínicos, serotoninérgicos 5-HT2 e receptores de aldosterona no CeA não participam do controle da ingestão de NaCl 1,8% induzida por depleção de sódio. Por outro lado, os presentes resultados sugerem que receptores GABAérgicos e receptores adrenérgicos α2 no CeA apresentam um papel inibitório para o apetite ao sódio nessa situação. Embora os mecanismos opióides e angiotensinérgicos no CeA aparentemente não contribuam para a ingestão de sódio induzida pela depleção de sódio, os mecanismos opióides e angiotensinérgicos no CeA são essenciais para a ingestão de sódio observada quando os mecanismos inibitórios do NPBL são desativados pela ação do muscimol nessa área. Além disso, os mecanismos opióides no CeA também são essenciais para a ingestão paradoxal de sódio em animais hiperosmóticos quando os mecanismos inibitórios são atenuados pela ação da moxonidina no NPBL. Portanto, a ativação de receptores opióides e de receptores angiotensinérgicos no CeA é necessária para a ingestão de sódio observada após a remoção ou atenuação dos mecanismos inibitórios NPBL

Gabaergic and opioid receptors mediate the facilitation of NaCl intake induced by α₂-adrenergic activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus

Alpha2-adrenergic, gabaergic or opioidergic activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) increases sodium intake. In the present study, we investigated the effects of single or combined blockade of opioidergic and gabaergic receptors in the LPBN on the increase of 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by 2-adrenoceptor activation in the LPBN. Male Holtzman rats (n = 5–9/group) with cannulas implanted bilaterally in the LPBN were treated with the diuretic furosemide (10 mg/kg b wt.) combined with low dose of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (5 mg/kg b wt.) subcutaneously. Bilateral injections of moxonidine (alpha2-adrenergic/imidazoline receptor agonist, 0.5 nmol) into the LPBN increased furosemide + captopril-induced 0.3 M NaCl intake (25.8 ± 1.4, vs. vehicle: 3.8 ± 1.1 ml/60 min). The opioidergic receptor antagonist naloxone (100 nmol) or the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (5 nmol) injected into the LPBN partially reduced the increase of 0.3 M NaCl intake produced by LPBN moxonidine (11.8 ± 4.0 and 22.8 ± 4.5, respectively, vs. vehicle + moxonidine: 31.6 ± 4.0 ml/60 min, respectively). Similar to the treatment with each antagonist alone, the combined injections of naloxone (100 nmol) and bicuculline (5 nmol) into the LPBN also partially reduced moxonidine effects on 0.3 M NaCl intake (15.5 ± 6.5 ml/60 min). The GABAB receptor antagonist saclofen (5 nmol) injected into the LPBN did not change the effects of moxonidine on 0.3 M NaCl intake (24.3 ± 7.8 ml/120 min). These results suggest that the increase of 0.3 M NaCl intake by 2-adrenergic receptor activation in the LPBN is partially dependent on GABAA and opioid receptor activation in this area.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Sodium intake combining cholinergic activation and noradrenaline into the lateral parabrachial nucleus

The administration of cholinergic agonists like pilocarpine intraperitoneally (i.p.) or carbachol intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) induces water, but non significant hypertonic NaCl intake. These treatments also produce pressor responses, which may inhibit sodium intake. Noradrenaline (NOR) acting on a2-adrenoceptors in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) deactivates inhibitory mechanisms increasing fluid depletion-induced sodium intake. In the present study, we investigated: (1) water and 1.8% NaCl intake in rats treated with pilocarpine i.p. or carbachol i.c.v. combined with NOR into the LPBN; (2) if inhibitory signals from cardiovascular receptors are blocked by NOR in the LPBN. Male Holtzman rats with stainless steel guide-cannulas implanted in the lateral ventricle and bilaterally in the LPBN were used. Bilateral injections of NOR (80 nmol/0.2 ll) into the LPBN decreased water intake (0.8 ± 0.3, vs. saline (SAL): 2.9 ± 0.3 ml/180 min) induced by pilocarpine (1 mg/kg of body weight) i.p., without changing 1.8% NaCl intake (0.8 ± 2.4, vs. SAL: 0.5 ± 0.3 m l/180 min). Prazosin (1 mg/kg of body weight) i.p. blocked pressor responses and increased water and 1.8% NaCl intake (6.3 ± 1.7 and 14.7 ± 3.5 ml/180 min, respectively) in rats treated with pilocarpine combined with NOR into the LPBN. Prazosin i.p. also increased 1.8% NaCl intake in rats treated with carbachol i.c.v combined with NOR into the LPBN. The results suggest that different signals inhibit sodium intake in rats treated with cholinergic agonists, among them those produced by increases of arterial pressure that are not efficiently deactivated by NOR acting in the LPBNFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)