Diseño de estrategias para la aplicación de producción más limpia (PML), apoyado en la herramienta Errria, como alternativa de sostenibilidad de las explotaciones de arcilla en la vereda las Casitas del municipio de Valledupar Cesar.

La presente investigación tiene como propósito diseñar estrategias para la aplicación de PML, apoyado en la herramienta ERRRIA, como alternativa de sostenibilidad de las explotaciones de arcilla en la vereda las Casitas del municipio de Valledupar. De acuerdo con la producción del departamento, las casitas, aporta el 50 % de la producción de toda la región. En esta vereda se cuenta con un título minero para la explotación de arcillas en 100 Ha de terreno, de las cuales se ha explotado aproximadamente el 30%. Adicionalmente, en los alrededores se estima que existen cerca de 130 Ha susceptibles de explotación para la obtención de arcilla. (Centro Nacional de producción más limpia y tecnologías ambientales, CNPMLTA, 2013). Dentro de las operaciones de extracción de arcilla y su posterior producción de ladrillos, se generan diversas situaciones que son objeto de estudio mediante la presente investigación, para ello se han trazado el cumplimiento de tres objetivos: describir la situación actual, evaluar impactos ambientales mediante la utilización de la herramienta ERRRIA, finalmente plantear estrategias que permitan el mejoramiento ambiental basadas en las técnicas de PML, con el fin el incentivar la producción ladrillera a un alto nivel de eficiencia, que permita reducir los costos de producción al promover un uso eficiente de los recursos. Frente a los resultados de mayor relevancia: se identificó el consumo de la materia prima, conocido como material arcilloso y cuyo impacto se relaciona con el agotamiento de los recursos naturales. Se determinó durante el proceso aspectos significativos que hacen referencia a los vertimientos y que generan impacto frente a la contaminación y el agotamiento del recurso del agua que proviene directamente del arroyo Guasimal. Por otro lado, un punto crítico que genera gran interés es el impacto ambiental que se ocasiona por el consumo de combustibles y generación de emisiones atmosféricas por fuentes fijas, considerando que en la actualidad se emplean durante el horneado: material vegetal tipo leña (algarrobo o espinillo), como combustibles. De igual manera las salidas son: gases de combustión, desperdicios de madera y/o carbón y productos defectuosos (quemados), que requieren la implementación de alternativas que permitan tomar conciencia frente a la necesidad de reducir los impactos generados.The present investigation has as purpose to design strategies for the application of PML, supported in the tool ERRRIA, like alternative of sustainability of the exploitations of clay in the path the Casitas of the municipality of Valledupar. According to the production of the department, the casitas contribute 50% of the production of the entire region. In this village there is a mining title for the exploitation of clays in 100 hectares of land, of which approximately 30% has been exploited. Additionally, in the surroundings it is estimated that there are about 130 Ha susceptible to exploitation for obtaining clay. (National Center for cleaner production and environmental technologies, CNPMLTA, 2013). Within the operations of extraction of clay and its subsequent production of bricks, various situations are generated that are the object of study through the present investigation, for which the achievement of three objectives has been mapped: describe the current situation, evaluate environmental impacts through the use of the ERRRIA tool, finally to propose strategies that allow environmental improvement based on PML techniques, in order to encourage brick production at a high level of efficiency, which will reduce production costs by promoting efficient use of means. Faced with the most relevant results: the consumption of raw material was identified, known as clay material and whose impact is related to the depletion of natural resources. Significant aspects that refer to the vertimientos and that generate impact in front of the contamination and the depletion of the water resource that comes directly from the Guasimal stream, were determined during the process. On the other hand, a critical point that generates great interest is the environmental impact caused by the consumption of fuels and the generation of atmospheric emissions by fixed sources, considering that at the present time they are used during baking: wood-type material (carob or espinillo), as fuels. Likewise, the outputs are: combustion gases, waste wood and / or coal and defective products (burned), which require the implementation of alternatives that allow to be aware of the need to reduce the impacts generated

Utilidad analgésica de bloqueo erector de la espina para el control del dolor postoperatorio en pacientes llevados a herniorrafia inguinal electiva

14 páginasLa herniorrafia inguinal es un procedimiento ambulatorio común, el cual se asocia a la presencia de dolor agudo postoperatorio de moderada a severa intensidad. En el presente estudio se describe la utilidad del bloqueo del plano del erector de la espina (ESP) en pacientes llevados a herniorrafia inguinal, y una posible relación con reducidos consumos de opioides y en efectos adversos. Métodos: Se describieron treinta y dos pacientes sometidos a herniorrafia inguinal electiva, quienes en su plan analgésico se incluyó el bloqueo ESP. Se realizó valoración al ingreso a la unidad de cuidados postanestésicos (hora 0), y a las horas 1, 3 y 6 del postoperatorio. Se describió la intensidad del dolor mediante escala numérica análoga (ENA), se cuantificaron los rescates de opioides y la presencia de efectos adversos. Resultados: La intensidad del dolor a la hora 0 fue predominantemente moderado (34 %). A la hora 1 el 50 % de los pacientes refirió dolor de intensidad leve, mientras que el 28 % manifestó un dolor de moderada intensidad. A la hora 3 el 66 % de los pacientes presentó dolor leve y el 19 % no refirió dolor. Finalmente, a la hora 6, el 78 % presentó dolor leve, y el 11 % no refirió dolor. 44 % requirieron hidromorfona. Solo hubo efectos adversos leves en tres pacientes. Conclusiones: El bloqueo ESP fue útil en los descritos pacientes sometidos a herniorrafia inguinal electiva. Presentó un buen perfil de seguridad, reducidos requerimientos de opioides y efectos adversos relacionados.Introduction: Inguinal herniorrhaphy is a common outpatient procedure, which is associated with the presence of moderate to severe acute postoperative pain. The present study describes the usefulness of erector spinae plane (ESP) block in patients undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy, and a possible relationship with reduced opioid consumption and adverse effects in the postoperative period. Methods: Thirty-two patients undergoing elective inguinal herniorrhaphy, whose analgesic plan included ESP block, were described. Assessment was performed at admission to the post-anesthesia care unit (hour 0), and at postoperative hours 1, 3 and 6. Pain intensity was described using the numeric pain rating scale (NRS), opioid rescue and the presence of adverse effects were quantified. Results: Pain intensity at hour 0 was predominantly moderate (34 %). At hour 1, 50 % of the patients reported mild pain intensity, while 28 % reported moderate pain intensity. At hour 3, 66 % of the patients presented mild pain and 19 % did not report pain. Finally, at hour 6, 78 % presented mild pain, and 11 % did not report pain. 44 % required hydromorphone. There were only mild adverse effects in three patients. Conclusions: ESP block was useful in the described patients undergoing elective inguinal herniorrhaphy. It had a good safety profile; it also reduced opioid requirements and related postoperative adverse effects.Especialización en Anestesiología y Medicina PerioperatoriaEspecialista en Anestesiología y Medicina Perioperatori

Metodología para la formalización de ideas de emprendimiento generadas como opción de trabajo de grado en una licenciatura, específicamente Licenciatura en Comunicación e Informática Educativa. Realidad académica y social de la cual se partió

El presente macroproyecto pedagógico mediatizado representa el trabajo realizado por nueve estudiantes del programa de licenciatura en comunicación e informática educativa, desarrollado en primera instancia con la ejecución de los procesos académicos de la asignatura práctica social, vista en noveno semestre con la docente Mónica Villanueva y posteriormente con el docente Jaime Andrés Ballesteros como asesor del proyecto. Lo que se hizo en primer momento, fue orientar todo el proceso hacia la generación de un diagnóstico situacional del contexto inmediato, es decir, un análisis minucioso que detallara aspectos significativos del programa de licenciatura en comunicación e informática educativa, tales como la estructura organizacional de la planta docente, de los contenidos suministrados a los estudiantes (plan de estudios), de los procesos de cohesión ejecutados por los docentes para la elección de dichos contenidos, la afinidad existente entre las tres líneas que conforman el programa (Tecnología audiovisual, Comunicación y Pedagogía), entre otros; para así contar con un panorama amplio que diera cuenta del estado de la licenciatura en aspectos de diversa índole. Para lograr efectivamente el diagnóstico situacional, se fraccionó el grupo de trabajo en tres ternas (Tecnología audiovisual, Comunicación y Pedagogía), de manera que se posibilitara indagar puntualmente en cada una de las áreas del programa académico. Tras el proceso de diagnóstico, se realizó la identificación de los grupos afectados y de esta manera se inició un trabajo de investigación estadístico en el que se diseñaron y aplicaron instrumentos que permitieron recolectar información importante para el proceso. Seguidamente, se implementó la metodología de análisis D.O.F.A para evidenciar de manera concreta las debilidades, oportunidades, fortalezas y amenazas del contexto trabajado, consiguiendo también dilucidar las variadas problemáticas que conciernen directamente a la licenciatura en comunicación e informática educativa. La problemática a trabajar en este caso, se basa en gran parte en el hecho de que en la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, existe el acuerdo 025 que especifica las cinco modalidades a las que los estudiantes de los programas de pregrado pueden acudir para hacer efectiva la consolidación y presentación de su proyecto de grado; dentro de estas modalidades, se encuentra la creación de empresa. Es por lo anterior, que el presente macroproyecto pedagógico mediatizado, tiene como objetivo principal la elaboración y diseño de una metodología que otorgue a los licenciados en comunicación e informática educativa, la posibilidad de realizar su proyecto de grado con la opción de creación de empresa sí así lo desean.The present mediated pedagogical macro-project represents the work of nine students of the undergraduate program in communication and computer education, first developed with the implementation of the academic course of social practice viewed in ninth semester with the professor Mónica Villanueva and subsequently with the professor Jaime Andrés Ballesteros as project advisor. What was done originally, was guiding the process toward the generation of a situational analysis of the immediate context, that is, a detailed analysis outlining significant aspects of the undergraduate program in communication and computer education, such as the organizational structure of the faculty, the students submitted content (curriculum), cohesion processes executed by the teachers for the election of such content, the affinity between the three lines that make up the program (Audiovisual Technology, Communication and Education), among others. To achieve effective situational diagnosis, the group working was partitioned in three triples (Audiovisual Technology, Communication and Education); in a way that timely enable the investigation in each of the academic areas of the program. After the diagnostic process, it was the identification of affected groups and thus began a statistician research in which instruments were designed and applied that allowed collecting important data for the process. Then, we implemented the DOFA analysis methodology to demonstrate concretely weaknesses, opportunities, strengths and threats of the working context, ensuring also elucidate the various problems which directly concerns the degree in communication and computer education. The problem to work in this case is based largely on the fact that, at the Technological University of Pereira, there is the agreement 025 which specifies the five methods to students of undergraduate programs can come to effect the consolidation and presentation of their project grade; within these forms, is the creation of enterprise. For this reason, the present mediated pedagogical macroproject has as main objective the development and design of a methodology that grants to the undergraduate students in communication and computer education, the possibility to develop their projects grade with the option of creating another company in case they wish to

Assessment of continuous and impulsive whole body vibration exposures in heavy equipment mining vehicles

The purpose of the study was to collect, compare and contrast continuous [A(8)] and impulsive [VDV(8) and S ed (8)] WBV exposures in 190, 240 and 320 ton mining trucks in order to determine whether the WBV exposures were above ISO and European Union action limits whether there were any differences in injury risk prediction across the WBV exposure parameters. All exposure parameters showed that the z-axis appeared to be the predominant axis of exposure with no exposure differences across trucks, whereas the x-and y-axis exposures differed and increased with truck size. In all trucks, the predominant axis A(8) and VDV(8) WBV exposures were below ISO and European Union (EU) action limits; however, all vector sum exposures were above action limits. In contrast, the S ed (8) WBV exposures were below ISO action limits. In conclusion, it appears that there is differential prediction of health risks between S ed (8) and the A(8) and VDV(8) WBV exposure parameters. Practitioner Summary: In the three types of mining truck evaluated, the vehicle operation times to reach the daily action limits for the vector sum A(8) and VDV(8) WBV exposures were less than 7 and 5 hours per day, respectively; in contrast, there was no daily limit for vehicle operation based on S ed (8) WBV exposure parameter. It appears the S ed (8) WBV exposure parameter may underestimate health risks

Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2: Cardiorespiratory response and performance in professional soccer players, comparison between under 20 and over 20 years old players

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the older players (O20) and the younger ones (U20) of the Colombian Professional National League 2015 champion team in cardiopulmonary responses and performance, using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 2 (YYIR2). Methods: Nine O20 and nineteen U20 were voluntarily evaluated. All subjects were monitored for heart rate, and a continuous breath-to-breath recording was carried out while they performed the YYIR2. The Student T test and the Pearson correlation were used for the statistical analysis. Results: A significant difference in distance covered and speed in the ventilatory threshold between U20 players (280 ± 85,3 m) (16,6 ± 0,3 km.h-1) and O20 players (373 ± 113,1 m) (17 ± 0,3 km.h-1) was observed. Only in the U20 group, a significant correlation between the variables oxygen uptake in the ventilatory threshold (V̇O2atVT) and performance in the test (Dmax), V̇O2 at VT and maximum speed (Smax), peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) and Smax and V̇O2peak and Dmax was observed. Conclusion: The only variables that differentiated the performance in the population was the analysis of the distance and the speed at the time of the ventilatory threshold

Actualización en metodología de la investigación científica

La investigación es un proceso organizado y sistemático, que tiene como finalidad resolver problemas de la realidad que circunda al ser humano. Los autores de esta obra siguen de forma muy cercana este postulado y analizan detalladamente los diferentes elementos que envuelven la pasión de investigar. El libro parte con dilemas epistemológicos hasta llegar a los métodos mixtos de la investigación. Estamos seguros que, con esta propuesta bibliográfica, se solucionarán muchas dudas en torno al proceso investigativo y, de seguro, en futuras obras, los autores seguirán aportando con respuestas sobre este fascinante mundo científico.Universidad Tecnológica Indoaméric

First report on the toxicity of SARS-CoV-2, alone and in combination with polyethylene microplastics in neotropical fish

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented negative impacts in the modern era, including economic, social, and public health losses. On the other hand, the potential effects that the input of SARS-CoV-2 in the aquatic environment from sewage may represent on non-target organisms are not well known. In addition, it is not yet known whether the association of SARS-CoV-2 with other pollutants, such as microplastics (MPs), may further impact the aquatic biota. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the possible ecotoxicological effects of exposure of male adults Poecilia reticulata, for 15 days, to inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (0.742 pg/L; isolated SARS.CoV2/SP02.2020.HIAE.Br) and polyethylene MP (PE MPs) (7.1 × 104 particles/L), alone and in combination, from multiple biomarkers. Our data suggest that exposure to SARS-CoV-2 induced behavioral changes (in the open field test), nephrotoxic effect (inferred by the increase in creatinine), hepatotoxic effect (inferred by the increase in bilirubin production), imbalance in the homeostasis of Fe, Ca, and Mg, as well as an anticholinesterase effect in the animals [marked by the reduction of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity]. On the other hand, exposure to PE MPs induced a genotoxic effect (assessed by the comet assay), as well as an increase in enzyme activity alpha-amylase, alkaline phosphatase, and carboxylesterases. However, we did not show synergistic, antagonistic, or additive effects caused by the combined exposure of P. reticulata to SARS-CoV-2 and PE MPs. Principal component analysis (PCA) and values from the "Integrated Biomarker Response" index indicate that exposure to SARS-CoV-2 was determinant for a more prominent effect in the evaluated animals. Therefore, our study sheds light on the ecotoxicity of the new coronavirus in non-target organisms and ratifies the need for more attention to the impacts of COVID-19 on aquatic biota.The authors are grateful to the Goiano Federal Institute (IF Goiano/Brazil), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq/Brazil), Foundation for Research Support of the State of Goiás (FAPEG, Brazil), and Foundation for Research Support (FUNAPE, Brazil) for the financial support needed to conduct this research. Nós agradecemos a todos os estudantes do Laboratório de Toxicologia Aplicada ao Meio Ambiente (IF Goiano/Brazil) que contribuíram na coleta de dados ao longo do experimento. Malafaia G. holds a productivity scholarship from CNPq (Proc. No. 308854/2021-7).Peer reviewe

Fully automatic landmarking of 2D photographs identifies novel genetic loci influencing facial features

We report a genome-wide association study for facial features in > 6,000 Latin Americans. We placed 106 landmarks on 2D frontal photographs using the cloud service platform Face++. After Procrustes superposition, genome-wide association testing was performed for 301 inter-landmark distances. We detected nominally significant association (P-value < 5×10− 8) for 42 genome regions. Of these, 9 regions have been previously reported in GWAS of facial features. In follow-up analyses, we replicated 26 of the 33 novel regions (in East Asians or Europeans). The replicated regions include 1q32.3, 3q21.1, 8p11.21, 10p11.1, and 22q12.1, all comprising strong candidate genes involved in craniofacial development. Furthermore, the 1q32.3 region shows evidence of introgression from archaic humans. These results provide novel biological insights into facial variation and establish that automatic landmarking of standard 2D photographs is a simple and informative approach for the genetic analysis of facial variation, suitable for the rapid analysis of large population samples.- Introduction - Results And Discussion -- Study sample and phenotyping -- Trait/covariate correlation and heritability -- Overview of GWAS results and integration with the literature -- Follow-up of genomic regions newly associated with facial features: Replication in two human cohorts -- Follow-up of genomic regions newly associated with facial features: effects in the mouse -- Genome annotations at associated loci - Conclusion - Methods -- Study subjects -- Genotype data -- Phenotyping -- Statistical genetic analysis -- Interaction of EDAR with other genes -- Expression analysis for significant SNPs -- Detection of archaic introgression near ATF3 and association with facial features -- Annotation of SNPs in FUMA -- Shape GWAS in outbred mic