Justiça popular em bullies: Atribuições de responsabilidade, raiva, e controlo social ineficaz como combustível para ação coletiva não-normativa = Popular justice on bullies: Attributions of responsibility, anger, and ineffective social control as fuel for non-normative collective action

O bullying escolar raramente tem sido analisado através do ponto de vista da sociedade em geral. No entanto, nas situações em que o agressor atrai a atenção mediática, verificam-se reações coletivas muito severas. Neste trabalho, analisámos os processos subjacentes à ação coletiva não-normativa que muitas vezes emerge perante situações de bullying. Após um vídeo amador que mostrava uma destas situações se ter tornado viral em Portugal, pedimos a 350 participantes que preenchessem um questionário sobre o tema. Os resultados mostraram que a atribuição de responsabilidade ao agressor predizia a concordância com medidas de justiça popular, e que isto era mediado por emoções de raiva, e moderado pela perceção de ineficácia dos mecanismos de controlo social. Mais especificamente, quanto maior a responsabilidade atribuída ao agressor, maior a raiva sentida, o que levava a um maior grau de concordância com medidas de justiça popular. Para além disso, este efeito era maior para os participantes que acreditavam que os mecanismos formais de controlo social eram ineficazes. Os resultados foram discutidos à luz da sua contribuição para o combate ao bullying, e da literatura sobre desvio, controlo social, e ação coletiva. School bullying has seldom been analyzed through the perspective of society in general. However, severe collective reactions often emerge towards bullies when they attract public attention. In this paper, we analyze the process underlying these non-normative forms of collective action triggered by bullying. A survey was presented to 350 Portuguese participants following the release of a viral video depicting a bullying situation. Results showed that assignment of responsibility to the aggressor predicted agreement with popular justice, which was mediated by anger and moderated by perceived ineffectiveness of social control. Specifically, greater responsibility attributed to aggressors yielded greater anger towards them, which, in turn, triggered more agreement with popular justice. Moreover, this effect was stronger for participants who believed that formal social control mechanisms were ineffective. We discuss these results in light of their contribution for tackling bullying, as well as for the literature on deviance, social control and collective action

Development and implementation of a significantly low-cost 3D bioprinter using recycled scrap material

The field of 3D bioengineering proposes to effectively contribute to the manufacture of artificial multicellular organ/tissues and the understanding of complex cellular mechanisms. In this regard, 3D cell cultures comprise a promising bioengineering possibility for the alternative treatment of organ function loss, potentially improving patient life expectancies. Patients with end-stage disease, for example, could benefit from treatment until organ transplantation or even undergo organ function restoration. Currently, 3D bioprinters can produce tissues such as trachea cartilage or artificial skin. Most low-cost 3D bioprinters are built from fused deposition modeling 3D printer frames modified for the deposition of biologically compatible material, ranging between $13.000,00 and$300.000,00. Furthermore, the cost of consumables should also be considered as they, can range from $3,85 and$100.000,00 per gram, making biomaterials expensive, hindering bioprinting access. In this context, our report describes the first prototype of a significantly low-cost 3D bioprinter built from recycled scrap metal and off-the-shelf electronics. We demonstrate the functionalized process and methodology proof of concept and aim to test it in different biological tissue scaffolds in the future, using affordable materials and open-source methodologies, thus democratizing the state of the art of this technology

Solitary fibrous tumor of the floor of the mouth

A solitary ?brous tumor (SFT) of the oral cavity is an extremely rare entity. Its diagnosis is complicated because of its diverse morphology and similarity to other mesenchymal diseases. A rare case of SFT involving floor of the mouth is presented. The tumor was well circumscribed and almost spherical, measuring approximately 3 cm in diameter. Patient was submitted to biopsy and histopathologic examination showed a tumor composed of spindle to epithelioid cells showing pale to eosinophilic cytoplasm, oval or elongated nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli. Tumor cells showed strong positivity for CD34, vimentin and Bcl-2. SFTs may present as a diagnostic challenge. The patient was followed for 8 years without recurrences. SFT is an uncommon disease in maxillofacial region; however it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell neoplasms with oral manifestation. Only a few cases have been reported in the floor of mouth. We describe a new case of SFT arising at this location

Development and reliability of an ultrasound protocol to evaluate quadriceps muscle mass and diaphragm structure: a pilot study

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the intra and inter-operator reliability of an ultrasound (US) protocol, to assess quadriceps muscle mass and diaphragm structure in healthy people, for future monitoring of patients with respiratory disease. Methods and Materials: Twelve volunteers (6♀, 31.8±10.6 years; BMI=23.4±3.7 kg/m2) participated. An US equipment (Logiq P6 PRO, GE) with a multifrequency linear probe (11L) was used. Three measures of Quadriceps (QTK) and Rectus Femoris thickness (RFTK), RF cross sectional area (RFArea), bilateral diaphragmatic thickness at maximal inspiration (DTKI) and at end expiration (DTKE) were obtained by one operator. Six volunteers were randomly evaluated by two operators. Mann Whitney test was used to assess differences between inspiration and expiration and the right and left hemi-diaphragm. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC2,1) was used to explore reliability. Results: Mean RFTK were 1.72cm, 8.19cm2 for RFArea and 3.23cm for QTK. Significant differences were found between DTKI and DTKE both at right (0.31±0,17cm vs 0.23±0.19cm, p=0.01) and left hemi-diaphragm (0.37±0.18cm vs 0.24±0.14cm, p=0.01). No significant differences between the right and left hemi-diaphragms were observed during inspiration or expiration. Intra and inter-operator reliability were all Excellent: DTKE (intra: ICC2,1=0.977; inter: ICC2,1=0.822), DTKI (intra: ICC2,1=,0.903; inter: ICC2,1=0.805), QTK (intra: ICC2,1=0.976; inter: ICC2,1=0,940), RFArea (intra: ICC2,1=0.973; inter: ICC2,1=0.981) and RFTK (intra: ICC2,1=0.998 ; inter: ICC2,1=0.762). Conclusion: Results showed the feasibility and reliability of this US protocol in healthy people. One single measurement by one operator seems to be adequate. Bilateral diaphragmatic measurements might not be necessary in respiratory patient's evaluation.SAICT-POL/23926/2016publishe

CONCORDÂNCIA INTEROBSERVADORES DA DETECÇÃO DO FATOR CORDA PARA A IDENTIFICAÇÃO PRESUNTIVA DO MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

Detection of cord factor may favor the definitive diagnosis and initiation of antituberculosis treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interobserver concordance of mycobacterial smears stained with Ziehl-Neelsen technique for the presumptive identification of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Three observers, healthcare students, conducted a blind reading of 30 slides stained with Ziehl-Neelsen and their results were compared to the results of an experient reader. Kappa coefficient with 95% interval was used to evaluate the concordance between the readings. No excellent interobserver concordance (κ> 0.75) was found. The interpretation and use of the cord factor for the presumptive identification of the M. tuberculosis is a technique that requires training for the interpretation of the variables of the smear stained with Ziehl-Neelsen technique and theoretical knowledge of the observer to deliver a correct result.A detecção do fator corda pode favorecer o diagnóstico definitivo e início do tratamento antituberculose. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a concordância interobservadores da leitura de esfregaços micobacterianos corados pela técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen para a identificação presuntiva do Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Três observadores, estudantes da área da saúde, realizaram a leitura às cegas de 30 lâminas coradas pela técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen e seus resultados foram comparados com os de um observador experiente. Para avaliar a concordância entre as leituras foi realizado o Coeficiente Kappa com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Não foi observada nenhuma concordância excelente (κ > 0,75) interobservadores. A interpretação e utilização do fator corda para o diagnóstico presuntivo do M. tuberculosis é uma técnica que necessita de treinamento para interpretar as variáveis presentes nos esfregaços corados pela técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen e conhecimento teórico do observador para que o resultado possa ser proferido de forma correta

Production of Hydrogen and their Use in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

This work will show an overview of the hydrogen production from ethanol by steam reforming method, using distinct catalysts, resulting in low carbon monoxide content in H2 produced; a thermodynamic analysis of reforming employing entropy maximization, the ideal condition for ethanol, and other steam reforming reactions, the state of the art of steam reforming catalysts for H2 production with low CO content. Moreover, in the second part, there will be an overview of the use of hydrogen in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), the fuel cell operational conditions, a thermodynamic analysis of PEMFC, the catalysts used in the electrodes of the fuel cell, consequences of the CO presence in the hydrogen fuel feed in PEMFC, and the operation conditions for maximum output power density

P2X7 receptor contributes to long-term neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in sepsis-surviving mice

Introduction: sepsis is defined as a multifactorial debilitating condition with high risks of death. The intense inflammatory response causes deleterious effects on the brain, a condition called sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Neuroinflammation or pathogen recognition are able to stress cells, resulting in ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) release and P2X7 receptor activation, which is abundantly expressed in the brain. The P2X7 receptor contributes to chronic neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases; however, its function in long-term neurological impairment caused by sepsis remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the effects of P2X7 receptor activation in neuroinflammatory and behavioral changes in sepsis-surviving mice. Methods: sepsis was induced in wild-type (WT), P2X7−/− , and BBG (Brilliant Blue G)-treated mice by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). On the thirteenth day after the surgery, the cognitive function of mice was assessed using the novel recognition object and Water T-maze tests. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, microglial and astrocytic activation markers, and cytokine production were also evaluated. Results: Initially, we observed that both WT and P2X7−/− sepsis-surviving mice showed memory impairment 13 days after surgery, once they did not differentiate between novel and familiar objects. Both groups of animals presented increased AChE activity in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. However, the absence of P2X7 prevented partly this increase in the cerebral cortex. Likewise, P2X7 absence decreased ionized calcium-binding protein 1 (Iba−1 ) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) upregulation in the cerebral cortex of sepsis-surviving animals. There was an increase in GFAP protein levels in the cerebral cortex but not in the hippocampus of both WT and P2X7−/− sepsis-surviving animals. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of P2X7 receptor attenuated the production of Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-10 (IL-10). Conclusion: the modulation of the P2X7 receptor in sepsis-surviving animals may reduce neuroinflammation and prevent cognitive impairment due to sepsisassociated encephalopathy, being considered an important therapeutic target

The spatial and temporal scales of local dengue virus transmission in natural settings:a retrospective analysis

Background Dengue is a vector-borne disease caused by the dengue virus (DENV). Despite the crucial role of Aedes mosquitoes in DENV transmission, pure vector indices poorly correlate with human infections. Therefore there is great need for a better understanding of the spatial and temporal scales of DENV transmission between mosquitoes and humans. Here, we have systematically monitored the circulation of DENV in individual Aedes spp. mosquitoes and human patients from Caratinga, a dengue endemic city in the state of Minas Gerais, in Southeast Brazil. From these data, we have developed a novel stochastic point process pattern algorithm to identify the spatial and temporal association between DENV infected mosquitoes and human patients. Methods The algorithm comprises of: (i) parameterization of the variogram for the incidence of each DENV serotype in mosquitoes; (ii) identification of the spatial and temporal ranges and variances of DENV incidence in mosquitoes in the proximity of humans infected with dengue; and (iii) analysis of the association between a set of environmental variables and DENV incidence in mosquitoes in the proximity of humans infected with dengue using a spatio-temporal additive, geostatistical linear model. Results DENV serotypes 1 and 3 were the most common virus serotypes detected in both mosquitoes and humans. Using the data on each virus serotype separately, our spatio-temporal analyses indicated that infected humans were located in areas with the highest DENV incidence in mosquitoes, when incidence is calculated within 2.5–3 km and 50 days (credible interval 30–70 days) before onset of symptoms in humans. These measurements are in agreement with expected distances covered by mosquitoes and humans and the time for virus incubation. Finally, DENV incidence in mosquitoes found in the vicinity of infected humans correlated well with the low wind speed, higher air temperature and northerly winds that were more likely to favor vector survival and dispersal in Caratinga. Conclusions We have proposed a new way of modeling bivariate point pattern on the transmission of arthropod-borne pathogens between vector and host when the location of infection in the latter is known. This strategy avoids some of the strong and unrealistic assumptions made by other point-process models. Regarding virus transmission in Caratinga, our model showed a strong and significant association between high DENV incidence in mosquitoes and the onset of symptoms in humans at specific spatial and temporal windows. Together, our results indicate that vector surveillance must be a priority for dengue control. Nevertheless, localized vector control at distances lower than 2.5 km around premises with infected vectors in densely populated areas are not likely to be effective

Avaliação dos aspectos de biossegurança em um hospital de grande porte no litoral Sul de Pernambuco-Brasil / Evaluation of biosafety aspects in a large hospital in the South coast of Pernambuco-Brazil

A biossegurança objetiva através de um conjuntos de medidas a prevenção, minimização ou eliminação de riscos próprios as atividades laborais, observando os fatores que podem comprometer o bem estar, a saúde do homem e a preservação do meio ambiente. Os profissionais da área da saúde estão sempre expostos a riscos devido as suas atividades laborais que são desempenhadas diariamente. Muitas vezes o conhecimento adquirido na teoria nem sempre é o que é visto na prática, sendo esta situação observada, isto é nos profissionais de saúde deste estudo, que adotam medidas de biossegurança erradas a sua proteção durante o manejo de suas atividade laborais, assim, potencializando possíveis agravos a sua saúde e a dos usuários do serviço de saúde. Este trabalho realizou uma avaliação das medidas de prevenção e dos aspectos de biossegurança em ambientes de atenção básica a saúde em um Hospital Público da Zona da Mata Sul de Pernambuco. O método utilizado foi o descritivo e exploratório onde através de um questionário serviu para identificar o conhecimento sobre a biossegurança destes profissionais. A amostragem do estudo foi composta por 55 profissionais da atenção básica em saúde, onde 71% possuía nível técnico em enfermagem, 16% foram profissionais de enfermagem e 13% fazem parte da classe médica. O público majoritário visto neste estudo foi o do sexo feminino, composto por 76%. Apesar dos 100% acharem muito importante a utilização do EPI (Equipamento de Proteção Individual), observou-se que em relação a sua definição 91% definiram corretamente e somente 9% não souberam. De acordo com os EPIs mais utilizados, descreveram os três mais utilizados: luvas 96%, máscaras 89% e jaleco 87%. Em relação a participação em cursos complementares sobre biossegurança 62% não adquiriram esses conhecimentos e apenas 38% afirmaram ter cursos extracurriculares. Cerca de 89% dos entrevistados, afirmaram que o reencape de agulha é uma ação proibida, enquanto 7% afirma que é permitida e 4% afirmam que em alguns casos é autorizado. De acordo com os acidentes no âmbito laboral, 40% relataram ter sofrido algum tipo de acidente, onde apenas 16% foi notificado enquanto 24 não foram registrados ao órgão de competência. Quanto à higienização dos óculos apenas 2% afirmaram fazer da forma correta com água, sabão e desinfetante.

Avanços na Profilaxia Pós-Exposição ao HIV: Uma Revisão Abrangente de Regimes Terapêuticos e Desenvolvimentos Recentes

This research project aims to conduct a critical analysis of the literature on therapeutic regimens for post-exposure prophylaxis to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The literature review will span the last decade and be carried out on renowned databases such as SciELO, PubMed, LILACS, and Cochrane Library. Using relevant descriptors such as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy, diagnosis, and treatment, the research will seek observational studies, case-control studies, prospective studies, and government documents. The review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the technical evolution over time, efficacy, safety, tolerability, and major divergences in post-exposure prophylaxis regimens for HIV. The study is relevant to update healthcare professionals and individuals at risk about the latest practices in this field, contributing to the effective prevention of HIV infection.Este projeto de pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar uma análise crítica da literatura sobre os regimes terapêuticos para a profilaxia pós-exposição ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). A revisão bibliográfica abrangerá o período dos últimos dez anos e será conduzida nas bases de dados SciELO, PubMed, LILACS e Cochrane Library. Utilizando descritores relevantes como Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS), prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy, diagnóstico e tratamento, a pesquisa buscará estudos observacionais, estudos caso-controle, estudos prospectivos e documentos governamentais. A revisão visa fornecer uma visão abrangente sobre a evolução técnica ao longo do tempo, eficácia, segurança, tolerabilidade e principais divergências nos regimes de profilaxia pós-exposição ao HIV. O estudo tem relevância para atualizar profissionais de saúde e indivíduos em risco sobre as práticas mais recentes nesse campo, contribuindo assim para a prevenção efetiva da infecção pelo HIV