Alternativas de materiais e processos mais sustentáveis para a indústria têxtil atual – uma revisão

Numerous studies are carried out every year in order to discover innovative ways of making textiles for comfort, safety and, often, that represent the ideologies of the consumer. However, due to the textile industry's problems related to environmental degradation, researchers have conducted studies on materials and processes that are more sustainable. Therefore, this article proposes a bibliographic review of an analytical character, in three databases, the Scopus, ScienceDirect and ProQuest, on more sustainable materials and processes used in the textile sector between the periods of 2015 and 2020. The results show 38 articles on sustainable alternatives of materials and processes for the current market, as well as on-going research on new possibilities for textiles in the fields of engineering, biotechnology, design, among others.Numerosos estudios se llevan a cabo todos los años para descubrir formas innovadoras de hacer textiles para mayor comodidad, seguridad y, a menudo, que representan las ideologías del consumidor. Sin embargo, debido a los problemas de la industria textil relacionados con la degradación ambiental, los investigadores han realizado estudios sobre materiales y procesos que son más sostenibles. Por lo tanto, este artículo propone una revisión bibliográfica de carácter analítico, en tres bases de datos, a Scopus, ScienceDirect y ProQuest, sobre materiales y procesos más sostenibles utilizados en el sector textil entre los períodos de 2015 y 2020. Los resultados muestran 38 artículos sobre alternativas sostenibles de materiales y procesos para el mercado actual, así como investigaciones en curso sobre nuevas posibilidades para los textiles en los campos de ingeniería, biotecnología, diseño, entre otros.Inúmeros estudos são realizados todos os anos no intuito de descobrir formas inovadoras de elaborar têxteis para o conforto, segurança e, muitas vezes, que representem as ideologias do consumidor. No entanto, devido à problemática da indústria têxtil relacionada à degradação ambiental, pesquisadores têm realizado estudos acerca de materiais e processos que sejam mais sustentáveis. Portanto, o presente artigo propõe uma revisão bibliográfica de caráter analítico, em quatro bases de dados “Scopus”, “Science Direct” e “Proquest”, sobre materiais e processos mais sustentáveis utilizados no setor de têxteis entre os períodos de 2015 e 2020. Os resultados mostram 38 artigos sobre alternativas sustentáveis de materiais e processos para o mercado atual, bem como sobre pesquisas em andamento sobre novas possibilidades de têxteis nos campos da engenharia, biotecnologia, design, entre outros

INSUFICIÊNCIA DE ACOMODAÇÃO

Accommodation is the mechanism responsible for keeping vision clear at different distances. The brain sends the stimulus that causes the ciliary body, the coroide, the zoonulas and the lens to be able to change from form to maintain the focus on the retina. The main tests for accommodative diagnoses are: accommodation breadth, accommodative flexibility, accommodative lag, positive and negative relative accommodation. Insufficiency of accommodation is the most prevalent accommodative dysfunction and can negatively affect the life of those who have it, especially during the school and academic period. Through a literature review that involved reading and several books and articles searched in the Databases Pubmed, LILACS and Google Scholar, it is demonstrated that insufficient accommodation can promote disorders such as headache, drowsiness and repudiation of works that require close vision. Further studies are needed to standardize the diagnostic criteria of insufficiency of accommodation, since there is currently no uniformity.La acomodación es el mecanismo responsable de mantener la visión clara a diferentes distancias. El cerebro envía el estímulo que hace que el cuerpo ciliar, el coroide, las zoonulas y el cristalino puedan cambiar de forma para mantener el foco en la retina. Las principales pruebas para el diagnóstico acomodativo son: amplitud de acomodación, flexibilidad acomodativa, retraso acomodativo, acomodación relativa positiva y negativa. La insuficiencia de alojamiento es la disfunción acomodativa más prevalente y puede afectar negativamente la vida de quienes la tienen, especialmente durante el período escolar y académico. A través de una revisión bibliográfica que involucró lectura y varios libros y artículos buscados en las Bases de Datos Pubmed, LILACS y Google Scholar, se demuestra que la acomodación insuficiente puede promover trastornos como dolor de cabeza, somnolencia y repudio de trabajos que requieren visión cercana. Se necesitan estudios adicionales para estandarizar los criterios diagnósticos de insuficiencia de adaptación, ya que actualmente no hay uniformidad.A acomodação é o mecanismo responsável por manter a visão nítida a diferentes distâncias. O cérebro manda o estímulo que faz com que o corpo ciliar, a coroide, as zônulas e o cristalino sejam capazes de se alterar de formar a manter o foco na retina. Os principais testes para diagnósticos acomodativos são: amplitude de acomodação, flexibilidade acomodativa, lag acomodativo, acomodação relativa positiva e negativa. A insuficiência de acomodação é a disfunção acomodativa com maior prevalência e pode afetar negativamente a vida de quem a tem, principalmente durante o período escolar e acadêmico. ravés de revisão bibliográfica que envolveu a leitura e diversos livros e artigos pesquisados nas bases de dados Pubmed, LILACS e Google Acadêmico, demonstra-se que a insuficiência de acomodação pode promover distúrbios como dor de cabeça, sonolência e repúdio à trabalhos que exijam a visão de perto. São necessários mais estudos para padronizar os critérios diagnósticos da insuficiência de acomodação, pois atualmente não há uma uniformidade.A acomodação é o mecanismo responsável por manter a visão nítida a diferentes distâncias. O cérebro manda o estímulo que faz com que o corpo ciliar, a coroide, as zônulas e o cristalino sejam capazes de se alterar de formar a manter o foco na retina. Os principais testes para diagnósticos acomodativos são: amplitude de acomodação, flexibilidade acomodativa, lag acomodativo, acomodação relativa positiva e negativa. A insuficiência de acomodação é a disfunção acomodativa com maior prevalência e pode afetar negativamente a vida de quem a tem, principalmente durante o período escolar e acadêmico. ravés de revisão bibliográfica que envolveu a leitura e diversos livros e artigos pesquisados nas bases de dados Pubmed, LILACS e Google Acadêmico, demonstra-se que a insuficiência de acomodação pode promover distúrbios como dor de cabeça, sonolência e repúdio à trabalhos que exijam a visão de perto. São necessários mais estudos para padronizar os critérios diagnósticos da insuficiência de acomodação, pois atualmente não há uma uniformidade

MODELAGEM DINÂMICA DO DESMATAMENTO NA AMAZÔNIA

Dynamic models operating on a cellular automata (CA) basis have arisen as a feasible alternative for the analysis of the ever increasing deforestation rates in the Amazon. In this sense, this work aims at simulating deforestation in the area of São Félix do Xingu, southeastern part of Pará State, employing such class of models as a tool for understanding the main driving factors of deforestation. Real data of deforestation in 1997 and 2000 were used to assess the forest suppression extent in the study area. A set of explaining variables related to deforestation together with internal parameters of a CA model were used to generate a simulation for the year 2000. The provided simulation output presented a high fuzzy similarity index, what indicates the model effectiveness. The main driving variable takes the "distance to deforestaded areas in 1997", into consideration which confirms statements of previous scientific studies for this region concerning the predominance of new deforestation patches in the surroundings of pioneer areas. Keywords: Deforestation; Amazon Forest; Cellular automata; Dynamic modeling.Modelos dinâmicos baseados no paradigma de autômatos celulares surgem como uma alternativa viável para a análise do rápido crescimento das taxas de desmatamento na Amazônia. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem como objetivo simular o desmatamento na região de São Félix do Xingu, sudeste do Pará, utilizando essa classe de modelos como ferramenta para a compreensão dos fatores condicionantes do desmatamento. Dados reais do desmatamento em 1997 e 2000 foram usados para identificar o processo de supressão da floresta na região. Um conjunto de variáveis relacionadas ao processo foi selecionado para, juntamente com parâmetros internos do modelo, fornecer uma simulação do desmatamento para o ano de 2000. A simulação gerada apresentou um índice de similaridade fuzzy elevado, indicando a eficácia do modelo. A variável que teve maior contribuição nas simulações obtidas foi "distâncias a áreas desmatadas em 1997", o que confirma assertivas de estudos científicos anteriores para a região sobre a prevalência do padrão de avanço do desmatamento em torno das áreas pioneiras. Palavras-chave: Desmatamento; Amazônia; Autômatos celulares; Modelagem dinâmica

PRODUÇÃO DE BRIQUETES UTILIZANDO RESÍDUOS AGRÍCOLAS DA LARANJA E BORRA DO CAFÉ

A produção de laranja é uma das principais atividades da agroindústria no mundo, sendo fabricado mais de 80 milhões de toneladas anuais. Consequentemente, resíduos orgânicos são gerados e, muitas vezes, seu descarte inadequado corrobora para o aumento da degradação ambiental. Diante deste contexto, coletou-se dados do consumo de laranjas e do descarte das cascas através da visita ao restaurante Hoffmann (Florianópolis/SC) e borra de café do restaurante Tio João. Posteriormente, foi desenvolvido briquetes a partir destes resíduos, e avaliado o poder calorifico superior e inferior, resistência mecânica a tração, monitoramento de fumaça e cinzas, mostrando que os corpos de prova mais resistentes foram os que tiveram maior quantidade de casca de laranja. Quanto ao teor de cinzas encontrado nos espécimes foram de 4,89 a 5,63% e, por fim, o teste de sílica demonstrou oscilações nos resultados entre os espécimes. Os briquetes desenvolvidos podem ser uma possibilidade para a reutilização dos resíduos da casa de laranja e borra de café como substituto da lenha mitigando os problemas ambientais globais desencadeados por emissões de CO2.  

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost