El tiempo de permanencia del fruto en el árbol y su relación con la floración en los cítricos

En esta Tesis Doctoral se estudia el comportamiento alternante de los cítricos. naranjo dulce, mandarino Clementino e híbridos, y la influencia del fruto en el mismo. La hipótesis de trabajo es que en los cítricos el fruto inhibe la floración a través de la síntesis y exportación de giberelinas a las yemas que se hallan bajo su influencia impidiendo su brotación y alterando su diferenciación. Nuestros resultados eliminando frutos en diferentes estados de su desarrollo indican que el fruto comienza a ejercer su acción a partir de momentos próximos a completar su desarrollo (estado 78 de la escala BBCH); Desde ese momento y hasta que lo completa e inicia el cambio de color (estado 79 de la escala BBCH; principios de noviembre), la floración del naranjo dulce cv. "Valencia" pasa de 43 flores/100 nudos a 6.9 flores/100 nudos. Y desde el inicio del cambio de color hasta su completa maduración la reducción adicional observada no alcanzó la significación estadística (2.9 flolres/100 nudos). Experimentos con el tangor "Nadorcott" en los que se retrasó la época de recolección de árboles con diferente intensidad de cosecha demuestran una reducción significativa de la floración, pero el hecho de que la interacción también alcanzara la significación estadística indica que el efecto está mediado por el número de frutos. Esta reducción de la floración resultó ser aproximadamente paralela a una reducción de la brotación, pero el número de órganos por brote (número de hojas y/o flores) no fue alterado en ningún caso, lo que indica un efecto directo del fruto sobre la yema impidiéndole brotar. El fruto, por tanto, no altera el número de flores por yema sino el número de yemas que brotan. La modificación en el contenido en azúcares solubles y almidón derivada de la eliminación de los frutos no presenta relación convincente con los cambios en la floración.Martínez Fuentes, A. (2010). El tiempo de permanencia del fruto en el árbol y su relación con la floración en los cítricos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8859Palanci

Análisis genético del bovino Criollo Mixteco de Oaxaca

The Mixteco Creole cattle is a little explored genetic resource, which, however, has great value due to its potential to be used in production systems that are respectful of the environment and adaptable to its conditions. The identification and characterization of this local resource is essential for its conservation and improvement. For this reason, in the present study it was carried out the analysis of the diversity and genetic relationships of the Mixteco Creole cattle population of Oaxaca, using 19 microsatellite DNA markers and 32 reference cattle populations belonging to the BIOBOVIS consortium of the CONBIAND Network. The mean number of alleles detected was 8.8 ± 2.1 and the estimated effective number of alleles was 4.5 ± 1.2. The genetic diversity represented by the expected (0.7700 ± 0.0682) and observed (0.7170 ± 0.0998) heterozygosity values was within the range of estimators obtained in previous studies with local cattle populations using microsatellite markers. An analysis of the population structure revealed a predominant influence of Iberian germplasm (Bos taurus). There is also a close relationship between the Mixteco Creole and the rest of the Mexican Creole cattle populations, with the exception of the Tropical Dairy Creole.El bovino Criollo Mixteco es un recurso genético poco explorado, pero de gran valor por su potencial para ser empleado en sistemas de producción respetables con el entorno y adaptables a las condiciones del mismo. La identificación y caracterización de este recurso local es un punto primordial para su conservación y mejora, es por esto que en el presente estudio se llevó a cabo el análisis de la diversidad y relaciones genéticas de la población de bovinos Criollos Mixtecos de Oaxaca, mediante el empleo de 19 marcadores de ADN microsatélites y 32 poblaciones bovinas de referencia, pertenecientes al consorcio BIOBOVIS de la Red CONBIAND. El número medio de alelos detectados fue de 8.8 ± 2.1 y el número efectivo de alelos estimado fue de 4.5 ± 1.2. La diversidad genética representada por los valores de heterocigosidad esperada (0.7700 ± 0.0682) y observada (0.7170 ± 0.0998), se encontró dentro del rango de estimadores obtenidos en estudios previos con poblaciones bovinas locales empleando marcadores microsatélites. El análisis de la estructura poblacional reveló una influencia predominante de germoplasma ibérico (Bos taurus). Se observa además una estrecha relación entre el Criollo Mixteco y el resto de poblaciones bovinas criollas mexicanas a excepción del Criollo Lechero Tropical

The mentally ill. History and care since Medieval times

El presente trabajo plasma la evolución de la locura en España, en un contexto histórico, social y cultural. La sucesión de acontecimientos y la interrelación de los sistemas sociales han hecho que "el trato", "el cuidado" y "la atención médica" caminen hacia una mejora en la comprensión de las necesidades del paciente y en la aplicación de nuevas teorías médicas. La labor de enfermería, existente desde el principio de los tiempos, refleja una disciplina ganada con el esfuerzo y la participación de todos aquellos que proporcionaron cuidados a través de los siglos. Por otro lado, la política social en el desempeño de su labor integradora, ha ido adaptando la locura al contexto cultural. En el desarrollo del texto se puede observar cómo "el loco" se ha ido acomodando a las diferentes formas de institucionalización y desinstitucionalización hasta llegar a su situación actual.The present work reflects the evolution of insanity in the Spanish cultural, social and historical context. The sequence of events and the interrelation of social systems have improved "assistance", "care" and "medical attention" towards an understanding of the patient's needs and the application of new medical theories. Nursing role reflects -since the beginning of times- a discipline build by the effort and participation of all those who cared during centuries. On the other hand, social policies in their integrating role have made insanity adapt to cultural contexts. Throughout the article it is shown how the "insane" have adapted to different forms of institutionalization and disinstitutionalization leading to the current situation

Tree water status influences fruit splitting in Citrus

[EN] Fruit splitting or cracking is a major physiological disorder in fruit trees markedly influenced by environmental conditions, but conclusive data still are required to provide a definite explanation and preventive measures. Changes in climatic conditions critically influence fruit splitting incidence. We studied plant-soil-ambient water relations in splitting-prone citrus grown under 4 contrasting environmental conditions (climate type and soil), in Spain and Uruguay, over a six years period. Automatic trunk and fruit diameter measurements (trunk and fruit growth rate and maximum daily trunk shrinkage), which are a tree water status indicator, together with factors modifying the tree and fruit water relationship (temperature, ET, rainfall, soil texture, soil moisture, rootstock and xylem anatomy) were studied and correlated with splitting. A close fruit splitting and soil texture relationship was found, inversely correlated with clay and silt percentages, and positively with those for sand. Under 85%-sand soil conditions, slight changes in soil moisture due to fluctuations in temperature, ET, or rainfall changed trunk and fruit growth rate patterns during few hours and induced splitting. Splitting incidence was higher in trees with larger xylem vessels in the fruit peduncle due to rootstock ('Carrizo' and 'C-35' citrange being higher than 'FA-5', 'Cleopatra' and Poncirus trifoliata). Finally, reducing the frequency of irrigation by half increased midday canopy temperatures (similar to 5 degrees C) and splitting (+15%). We conclude that irregularities in the tree water status, due to interactions among soil moisture, rootstock and climatic conditions, leads to a number of substantial changes in fruit growth rate increasing the incidence of fruit splitting. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Mesejo Conejos, C.; Reig Valor, C.; Martinez Fuentes, A.; Gambetta, G.; Gravina Telechea, A.; Agustí Fonfría, M. (2016). Tree water status influences fruit splitting in Citrus. Scientia Horticulturae. 209:96-104. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2016.06.009S9610420

Loquat Fruit Lacks a Ripening-Associated Autocatalytic Rise in Ethylene Production

[EN] Loquat is considered as a non-climacteric fruit; however, there is an evidence of a climacteric-like maturation. Therefore, it seems its ripening behavior has yet to be satisfactory classified. Because autocatalytic regulation of ethylene production during fruit ripening is one of the primary features defining climacteric-like fruit maturation, we examined its ability of autocatalysis during ripening by applying the ethylene-releasing compound ethephon to the on-tree-fruit or ethylene to detached fruit of 'Algerie' loquat and measuring its ethylene and CO2 production. We also analyzed indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellin, cytokinin, and abscisic acid (ABA) contents as plant hormones involved in fruit ripening. The fruit response to ethephon (500 mg l(-1)) applied at color change was immediate producing increasing amounts of ethylene during the 4 h following the treatment, but 24 h after treatment onward values were similar to those produced by untreated fruit. Similar results were obtained when applying ethylene to detached fruit (10 mu l l(-1)). Accordingly, applying ethephon (200 mg l(-1)) did not advance harvest; neither the color nor the percentage of fruit harvested at the first picking date differed significantly from the untreated fruit. Flesh firmness, total soluble solid concentration, and acidity of juice were not significantly altered either. IAA concentration reached the maximum value when fruit stopped growing, declining sharply at fruit color change; active gibberellins and cytokinins declined continuously during the fruit growth period, and ABA content sharply increased during ripening, peaking after fruit color break. Results indicate that 'Algerie' loquat lacks a ripening-associated autocatalytic rise in ethylene production, and suggest that a decline in gibberellin, cytokinin, and IAA concentrations might be needed to allow its ripening process to proceed.Reig Valor, C.; Martínez Fuentes, A.; Mesejo Conejos, C.; Rodrigo, M.; Zacarias Garcia, L.; Agustí Fonfría, M. (2016). Loquat Fruit Lacks a Ripening-Associated Autocatalytic Rise in Ethylene Production. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 35(1):232-244. doi:10.1007/s00344-015-9528-3S232244351Agustí M, Guardiola JL, Almela V (1981) The regulation of fruit cropping in mandarins through the use of growth regulators. Proc Int Soc Citric 1:216–220Amorós A, Zapata P, Pretel MT, Botella MA, Serrano M (2003) Physicochemical and physiological changes during fruit development and ripening of five loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) cultivars. 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J Jpn Soc Hortic Sci 49:347–353Jiang TM, Wang P, Yin XR, Zhang B, Xu CJ, Li X, Chen KS (2011) Ethylene biosynthesis and expression of related genes in loquat fruit at different developmental and ripening stages. Sci Hortic 130:452–458Jiang X, Li H, Wang T, Peng C, Wang H, Wu H, Wang X (2012) Gibberellin indirectly promotes chloroplast biogenesis as a means to maintain the chloroplast population of expanded cells. Plant J 72:768–780Jones B, Frasse P, Olmose Zegzouti H, Li ZG, Latche A, Pech JC, Bouzayen M (2002) Down-regulation of DR12, an auxin-response-factor homolog, in the tomato results in a pleiotropic phenotype including dark green and blotchy ripening fruit. Plant J 32:603–613Kader AA (2002) Biology and technology: an overview. In: Kader AA (ed) Postharvest technology and horticultural crops. University of California. Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3311, pp 39–48Khader SESA (1991) Effect of preharvest application of GA3 on postharvest behaviour of mango fruits. 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Physiol Plant 101:727–739Leng P, Yuan B, Guo Y, Chen P (2014) The role of abscisic acid in fruit ripening and responses to abiotic stress. J Exp Bot 65:4577–4588Looney NE, Granger RL, Chu CL, McArtney SJ, Mander LN, Pharis RP (1992) Influences of gibberellins A4, A4+7, and A4 +iso-A7 on apple fruit quality and tree productivity. I. Effects on fruit russet and tree yield components. J Hortic Sci 67:613–618Lou H, Chen P, Sheng H, Xu C, Lu H (2012) Effect of kinetin on quality and harvest date of loquat fruit. Afr J Agric Res 7:1577–1583Lurie S, Klein JD (1989) Cyanide metabolism in relation to ethylene production in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. J Plant Physiol 135:518–521Manning K (1993) Soft Fruit. In: Seymour GB, Taylor JE, Tucker GA (eds) Biochemistry of fruit ripening. Chapman & Hall, London, pp 347–378Manning K (1994) Changes in gene expression during strawberry fruit ripening and their regulation by auxin. 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Cuajado y Desarrollo de los Frutos Cítricos

El fruto de los cítricos es una baya típica llamada hesperidio. En él se pueden distinguir las siguientes partes (Foto 1) (González-Sicilia, 1968; Schneider, 1968): - Exocarpo o flavedo, que es la región más externa y constituye la parte visible de la corteza, formada por células epidérmicas de color verde cuando el fruto es inmaduro y naranja o amarillo, según la especie, en la madurez. - Mesocarpo o albedo, que es la región situada debajo del exocarpo, formado por un tejido blanco esponjoso de células parenquimáticas. - Endocarpo, que es la región más interna y está constituido por los lóculos o gajos. Los lóculos contienen las vesículas de zumo, formadas por un cuerpo de células completamente vacuolizadas y un pedúnculo que las mantiene unidas a la epidermis dorsal de los carpelos y limitadas lateralmente por los septos. El exocarpo y mesocarpo constituyen la corteza del fruto propiamente dicha. Dentro de los lóculos del endocarpo se encuentran las semillas

Relación entre la inteligencia emocional y el apoyo social con el bienestar subjetivo: un estudio transcultural España-Ecuador

Marco teórico: la inteligencia emocional es una de las variables psicológicas más estudiadas en la actualidad, así como el apoyo social, que puede actuar como protector de la salud y el bienestar psicológico. El objetivo principal del trabajo es el estudio del impacto que la inteligencia emocional y el apoyo social percibido tienen en la felicidad subjetiva y la satisfacción vital en universitarios de dos culturas y contextos diferentes: España y Ecuador. Método: 760 estudiantes universitarios, incluyendo 379 españoles (83.1% mujeres) y 381 ecuatorianos (76.6% mujeres), completaron las escalas Trait Meta Mood Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Satisfaction With Life Scale y Subjective Happiness Scale. Resultados: a pesar de encontrar diferencias entre las muestras en cada variable, los análisis correlacionales muestran la existencia de relaciones estadísticamente significativas y positivas en ambas muestras entre las dimensiones de claridad emocional y reparación de las emociones, pertenecientes a la inteligencia emocional, tanto con la satisfacción vital como con la felicidad subjetiva, y en dimensiones del apoyo social percibido, siendo la familia un predictor tanto de la satisfacción con la vida como de la felicidad subjetiva. Conclusiones: la presente investigación contribuye a una mayor comprensión de la influencia de la inteligencia emocional y el apoyo social sobre el bienestar subjetivo en dos culturas diferentes.2021-2

Relationship between emotional intelligence and social support with subjective well- being: a cross-cultural study spain-ecuador

Marco teórico: la inteligencia emocional es una de las variables psicológicas más estudiadas en la actualidad, así como el apoyo social, que puede actuar como protector de la salud y el bienestar psico-lógico. El objetivo principal del trabajo es estudiar la relación entre la inteligencia emocional y el apoyo social percibido con la felicidad subjetiva y la satisfacción vital en universitarios de dos culturas y con-textos diferentes: España y Ecuador. Método: 760 estudiantes universitarios, incluyendo 379 españoles (83.1% mujeres) y 381 ecua-torianos (76.6% mujeres), completaron las escalas Trait Meta Mood Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Satisfaction With Life Scale y Subjective Happiness Scale. Resultados: a pesar de encontrar diferencias entre las muestras en cada variable, los análisis co-rrelacionales muestran la existencia de relaciones estadísticamente significativas y positivas en ambas muestras entre las dimensiones de claridad emocional y reparación de las emociones, pertenecientes a la inteligencia emocional, tanto con la satisfacción vital como con la felicidad subjetiva, y en dimen-siones del apoyo social percibido, siendo el apoyo social percibido por la familia un predictor tanto de la satisfacción con la vida como de la felicidad subjetiva. Conclusiones: la presente investigación contribuye a una mayor comprensión de la relación de la inteligencia emocional y el apoyo social con el bienestar subjetivo en dos culturas diferentesTheoretical framework: emotional intelligence is one of the most studied psychological variables at present, as well as social support, which can act as a protector of psychological health and well-being. The main objective of the work is to study the relationship between emotional intelligence and percei-ved social support with subjective happiness and life satisfaction in undergraduates from two different cultures and contexts: Spain and Ecuador. Method: 760 undergraduates, 379 spaniards (83.1% female) and 381 ecuadorians (76.6% female), completed the Trait Meta Mood Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Satisfaction With Life Scale y Subjective Happiness Scale. Results: despite finding differences between the samples in each variable, the correlational analyzes show the existence of statistically significant and positive relationships in both samples between the dimensions of emotional clarity and repair of emotions, belonging to emotional intelligence, both with life satisfaction and subjective happiness, and in dimensions of perceived social support, the family perceived social support being a predictor of both life satisfaction and subjective happiness. Conclusions: the present research contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship of emotional intelligence and social support with subjective well-being in two different culture

El papel de la inteligencia emocional y el apoyo social percibido en la satisfacción vital de estudiantes universitarios ecuatorianos

Dentro del campo de la Psicología, el bienestar vital del individuo es un aspecto esencial por su gran relevancia y repercusión a lo largo de todas las etapas y ámbitos. Los objetivos de este estudio son examinar el grado alcanzado por los estudiantes universitarios en inteligencia emocional, apoyo social percibido y satisfacción vital, valorar las diferencias en función del sexo y analizar el nivel predictivo de las dos primeras variables sobre la tercera. 381 estudiantes universitarios completaron el Trait Meta Mood Scale, el Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support y el Satisfaction With Life Scale. Los resultados muestran que tanto la inteligencia emocional como el apoyo social se relacionan y predicen la satisfacción vital y que existen diferencias entre sexos. En conclusión, tanto la inteligencia emocional como el apoyo social son aspectos clave a la hora de intervenir con los estudiantes para promover su satisfacción vital2021-2