Reforming the Research and Science System for Māori Innovation practice theory for policy implementation

Te Ara Paerangi proposes multi-year reforms to New Zealand’s research, science and innovation system to ‘make a greater impact on New Zealand’s productivity and wellbeing’. One objective is to ‘embed Te Tiriti’ and ‘advance Māori aspirations in the RSI system’. What does this mean in practice? Using a three-element practice theory framework, we assess the Science for Technological Innovation National Science Challenge’s approach to advancing Māori-led or -partnered science and innovation. Our analysis suggests that such frameworks provide a useful lens for assessing how policy can move to practical implementation, particularly to advance Māori innovation aspirations

(Re)thinking Maori tourism: the third space of hybridity

This commentary reflects on the salience of hybridity as a theoretical tool in postcolonial studies. It argues that embedded paradigms such as colonised /coloniser and binary constructs Self/Other become subject to disruptive conjuncture through processes of hybridization and third space enunciation. It seeks to (re)think MÄori Tourism as residing in third space inbetween spacesâ€and renegotiates the articulation of cultural production in a tourism context. MÄori Tourism is therefore better understood in terms of cultural engagement that is performatively produced, historically informed, and transformed as new signs of identity

(Re)thinking Maori tourism: the third space of hybridity

This commentary reflects on the salience of hybridity as a theoretical tool in postcolonial studies. It argues that embedded paradigms such as colonised /coloniser and binary constructs Self/Other become subject to disruptive conjuncture through processes of hybridization and third space enunciation. It seeks to (re)think Māori Tourism as residing in third space inbetween spaces”and renegotiates the articulation of cultural production in a tourism context. Māori Tourism is therefore better understood in terms of cultural engagement that is performatively produced, historically informed, and transformed as new signs of identity

Orientalism, Balkanism and Europe's Ottoman heritage

‘Orientalism’ has been used as a lens to understand consumption of heritage sites in non-Western contexts. Through the supplementary lens of ‘Balkanism’, we examine a European region with a significant heritage reflecting the c.500 year rule of the Ottoman Empire. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of North Macedonia and Albania are selected for study given their concentration of Ottoman heritage sites. We note first that these countries' heritage tourism sectors anticipate and modify interpretation to accommodate ‘Western’ tourists' affectation of ‘surprise’ and ‘delight’ at a ‘remarkable’ crossroads between ‘West/East’ or ‘Christendom/Islam’. To understand why Ottoman heritage is often understood to be in but not of Europe, our analysis draws on scholarship interrogating ‘Europe's’ longstanding discursive erasure of its Ottoman-Islamic-Oriental ‘self’ and Tourism's role in this

Evidence gaps and biodiversity threats facing the marine environment of the United Kingdom’s Overseas Territories

Understanding the evidence base and identifying threats to the marine environment is critical to ensure cost-effective management and to identify priorities for future research. The United Kingdom (UK) government is responsible for approximately 2% of the world’s oceans, most of which belongs to its 14 Overseas Territories (UKOTs). Containing biodiversity of global significance, and far in excess of the UK mainland’s domestic species, there has recently been a strong desire from many of the UKOTs, the UK Government, and NGOs to improve marine management in these places. Implementing evidence-based marine policy is, however, challenged by the disparate nature of scientific research in the UKOTs and knowledge gaps about the threats they face. Here, we address these issues by systematically searching for scientific literature which has examined UKOT marine biodiversity and by exploring publicly available spatial threat data. We find that UKOT marine biodiversity has received consistent, but largely low, levels of scientific interest, and there is considerable geographical and subject bias in research effort. Of particular concern is the lack of research focus on management or threats to biodiversity. The extent and intensity of threats vary amongst and within the UKOTs but unsurprisingly, climate change associated threats affect them all and direct human stressors are more prevalent in those with higher human populations. To meet global goals for effective conservation and management, there is an urgent need for additional and continued investment in research and management in the Overseas Territories, particularly those that have been of lesser focus

The reflexive journal: Inside the black box

It was Habermas who commented on the fact that knowledge is never interest free. But it often appears to be on the surface. Journals with their rigorous systems of double blind peer review certainly do their best to avoid partiality and add to the trustworthiness of the process. But their deeply routinised systems contribute to the “black boxing” of knowledge production. This article wishes to examine aspects of interests in knowledge. It does this by three routes of analysis. First it presents data on journal structures and process. Second it finds patterns and trends in knowledge development. Third it critically reflects on the nature of new knowledges produced. In doing so it seeks to make the workings of the black box of Annals more transparent

Decolonising Māori tourism : representation and identity

xii, 379 leaves :col. ill. ; 30 cm. Includes bibliographical references. University of Otago department: Tourism. "November 2008"Since the late nineteenth century the tourism industry has focused primarily on two things in selling holidays to New Zealand: the natural landscape and Māori culture. Māori have been involved in tourism for more than 150 years however their "identity" as tourist attractions rather than tourism managers has to some extent marginalised Māori from the control of their own cultural expression. Prior to the 1990s much of New Zealand's offshore tourism marketing represented Māori as the exotic "Other" manifest through what Edward Said (1978) has termed Orientalism - the discursive and textual production of colonial meanings whereby language becomes a medium through which a hierarchical structure of power between coloniser (Pākehā) and colonised (Māori) is perpetuated. Such images have constructed a homogenous identity of Māori culture. The impact of such demand driven international tourism marketing is reflected in the call by Māori tourism stakeholders to control the representation and meanings of their image, tribal identities and cultural difference. Amongst the key objectives stated in the New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2010 is to 'ensure Māori participate and are partners in the tourism sector and that Māori culture and identity is protected'. However, the notion of identity has been subject to a bicultural relationship between Māori and Pākehā that is at odds with Māori aspirations to autonomous development, If increased Māori capacity in the tourism sector is to be effectively managed and sustainable there is a need to recognise and promote the diversity of Māori culture. The industry's notion of "Māori identity" must reflect the multiplicity of the "Māori subject"; the reality is that modem Māori negotiate a number of identities including tribal.This thesis draws on postcolonial theory to critically examine the representation of Māori cultural tourism in New Zealand. I argue that tribal diversity offers a means by which Māori tourism practice and practitioners subvert the homogenous Other and re-inscribe new subjectivities and meanings in a tourism environment by utilising Bhabha's (1994) concept of hybridity. The mixing that hybridity represents cannot fit within the bicultural framework of Māori Pākehā relations that works against the notion of culture as dynamic and changing. Research findings reveal that tribal differences create regionally diverse subcultures and representations of Māorii and show a complex "inclusivity" of Māori tourism development working within a third space of equity, innovation, creativity and self-empowerment. This third space effectively re-negotiates biculturalism. These issues are discussed within a tourism context that reflects the wider politics of Māori Pākehā relations in New Zealand. Thus tourism might act as a medium for offering postcolonial counter-narratives that reclaim cultural power and political discourse in the wider domain of indigenous self-determination

Decolonising Māori tourism : representation and identity

xii, 379 leaves :col. ill. ; 30 cm. Includes bibliographical references. University of Otago department: Tourism. "November 2008"Since the late nineteenth century the tourism industry has focused primarily on two things in selling holidays to New Zealand: the natural landscape and Māori culture. Māori have been involved in tourism for more than 150 years however their "identity" as tourist attractions rather than tourism managers has to some extent marginalised Māori from the control of their own cultural expression. Prior to the 1990s much of New Zealand's offshore tourism marketing represented Māori as the exotic "Other" manifest through what Edward Said (1978) has termed Orientalism - the discursive and textual production of colonial meanings whereby language becomes a medium through which a hierarchical structure of power between coloniser (Pākehā) and colonised (Māori) is perpetuated. Such images have constructed a homogenous identity of Māori culture. The impact of such demand driven international tourism marketing is reflected in the call by Māori tourism stakeholders to control the representation and meanings of their image, tribal identities and cultural difference. Amongst the key objectives stated in the New Zealand Tourism Strategy 2010 is to 'ensure Māori participate and are partners in the tourism sector and that Māori culture and identity is protected'. However, the notion of identity has been subject to a bicultural relationship between Māori and Pākehā that is at odds with Māori aspirations to autonomous development, If increased Māori capacity in the tourism sector is to be effectively managed and sustainable there is a need to recognise and promote the diversity of Māori culture. The industry's notion of "Māori identity" must reflect the multiplicity of the "Māori subject"; the reality is that modem Māori negotiate a number of identities including tribal.This thesis draws on postcolonial theory to critically examine the representation of Māori cultural tourism in New Zealand. I argue that tribal diversity offers a means by which Māori tourism practice and practitioners subvert the homogenous Other and re-inscribe new subjectivities and meanings in a tourism environment by utilising Bhabha's (1994) concept of hybridity. The mixing that hybridity represents cannot fit within the bicultural framework of Māori Pākehā relations that works against the notion of culture as dynamic and changing. Research findings reveal that tribal differences create regionally diverse subcultures and representations of Māorii and show a complex "inclusivity" of Māori tourism development working within a third space of equity, innovation, creativity and self-empowerment. This third space effectively re-negotiates biculturalism. These issues are discussed within a tourism context that reflects the wider politics of Māori Pākehā relations in New Zealand. Thus tourism might act as a medium for offering postcolonial counter-narratives that reclaim cultural power and political discourse in the wider domain of indigenous self-determination

Image formation and its contribution to tourism development in Canada's northwest territories: Past and present

Tourism research has traditionally focused on the demand side of tourist motivation and behavioural patterns to discover why tourists visit particular destinations. This thesis explored from a supply side perspective, how image and language are used by tourism suppliers/operators to promote destinations and how such images change over time in response to consumer demand. The study focused on the representation of natural and cultural heritage in the region of Northwest Territories Canada. It compared visual and oral components of the region's heritage, history, and early literature with contemporary travel literature. Interviews with tourism suppliers and tour operators revealed their motivation in using such components to promote their products. Literary representations of destinations motivate travellers to travel, however, the same representations evoke imagery that may not be confirmed by the actual travel experience. In order to examine tourists' experiences, the related concepts of image and authenticity were studied. Any gap between imagery and experience may impact on the traveller's sense of authenticity. It may be that a strong sense of authenticity in travel experience turns on 'perceptions of possibility' evoked by pre-travel image formation. Image is a dynamic concept and it was hoped that by comparing historical and contemporary travel literature, patterns would emerge of how such changes have affected tourism development in NWT. It was discovered that unique auras of destination image formation have developed over time through creative use of language and imagery. Tourism suppliers use such imagery to differentiate product and invoke existential desire in the mind of the potential visitor. The diversity of tourism products today means destinations must cater to a wider array of interests, constantly repackaging and re-imaging the products they offer. 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Empire and erasure: a case study of Pitcairn Island

Over the past few decades the Pacific region has undergone many changes through decolonization and postcolonial adjustment. Political change in new and existing Pacific nations is marked by efforts to reclaim identities, histories and futures. The smallest Pacific community with a separate identity is Pitcairn Island, the last British “colony” in the Pacific. Using critical ethnography this case study of Pitcairn examines the notion of erasure in relation to the history and politics of colonization and decolonization. Erasure is inextricably tied to the issue of power; the imbalance of power and the scrutiny of processes of social negotiation between centre and periphery. This paper argues that erasure has not been sufficiently well theorized in either island studies or postcolonial studies. As a subnational island jurisdiction the issue for Pitcairn is how to reclaim identity, maintain autonomy without sovereignty, and create a sustainable future for its small island community