A systematic review on dry-land strength and conditioning training on swimming performance

Objectives. — The objective of this review was to examine the effects of dry-land strength and conditioning (S&C) training on swimming, and starts and turns performances. News. — S&C training is a common practice in swimming aiming to enhance performance or to prevent injuries. However, studies regarding the effects of S&C on swimming performance are scarce; the influence of age, gender or competitive level is even scarcer. Prospects and projects. — After a structured literature search, sixteen studies were included in the current review. Of those, seven did not report any positive or negative effects on swimming performance. Contrarily, most studies with positive effects were conducted with older swimmers whereas maximal strength was the most effective methodology for improving swimming performance. S&C plyometric training is suggested to be the most effective method to improve starts and turns. Future Randomized Controlled Trials should be conducted to explore the effects of S&C induced by age and gender, on different swimming distances and techniques, and long-term training effects. Conclusion. — It is recommended that S&C training should be based on maximal strength, ranging from six to twelve weeks of 2 to 4 sessions per week (approximately 24 sessions altogether). In each session, coaches should vary from 2 to 3 sets and 3 to 5 repetitions, according to prescribed intensity. Rest intervals should range between 2 to 5 minutes and the intensity should be from 80 to 90% of 1RM. Particularly regarding improving starts and turns, a S&C training regime ranging from 6 to 8 weeks and with 2 sessions per week is suggested. In each session, swimmers should perform between 1 and 6 sets and 1 and 10 repetitions, according to the established intensity. Rest between sets should range from 60 to 90 seconds. The swimmers in the included studies are mostly men which do not allow to say if the recommendations made are gender-dependent.PlyométriqueRésuméObjectifs. — L’objectif de cette révision a été d’examiner les effets de l’entraînement de forceà sec sur les performances de nage, départs et virages.Actualités. — L’entraînement de force à sec est une pratique commune en natation et a pour butd’augmenter la performance ou de prévenir les blessures. Pourtant, les études sur les effets dece type d’entraînement sur la performance de nage restent encore peu nombreux ; l’influencede l’âge, le genre ou le niveau compétitif sont des questions encore moins abordées.Perspectives et projets. —À la suite d’une recherche structurée, quinze études furent inclusesdans cette révision. Parmi celles-ci, sept concluaient l’absence d’effet, positif ou négatif, surla performance de nage. En revanche, en ce qui concerne les études qui mettent en avantles effets positifs sur la performance, l’entraînement de force maximum fût la méthodologiela plus performante, pour la plupart, chez les nageurs les plus expérimentés. L’entraînementplyométrique apparaît comme la méthodologie la plus performante pour améliorer la perfor-mance des départs et des virages. Les études futures devraient être menées pour explorer leseffets de l’entraînement de force induits par l’âge et le sexe, sur les différentes distances ettechniques de natation et les effets d’entraînement à long terme.Conclusion. — Il est conseillé que l’entraînement de force à sec repose sur la force maximum,durant une période variant entre 6 et 12 semaines avec 2 ou 4 sessions hebdomadaires. Pourchaque session, les entraîneurs doivent réaliser entre 2 ou 3 séries et entre 3 ou 5 répétitions parsérie, tout en respectant l’intensité requise. Les intervalles de récupération doivent avoir unedurée variable qui se situe entre 2 et 5 minutes, tandis que l’intensité devraient se situer entreles 80 et les 90% de 1RM. Concernant l’amélioration des départs et des virages, il est suggéré quel’entraînement de force à sec varie entre les 6 et les 8 semaines avec 2 sessions hebdomadaires.Au cours de chaque session, les nageurs sont tenus de réaliser entre 1 et 6 séries et entre 1 et10 répétions par série, tout en respectant l’intensité requise. Les intervalles de récupérationdoivent avoir une durée variable qui se situe entre 60 et 90 secondes. Les nageurs des étudescontemplées sont en majorité de hommes auxquels on défend de dire si les recommandationsfaites varient selon le sexe.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Using the motion of S2 to constrain vector clouds around SgrA

International audienceThe dark compact object at the centre of the Milky Way is well established to be a supermassive black hole with mass $M_{\bullet} \sim 4.3 \cdot 10^6 \, M_{\odot}$, but the nature of its environment is still under debate. In this work, we used astrometric and spectroscopic measurements of the motion of the star S2, one of the closest stars to the massive black hole, to determine an upper limit on an extended mass composed of a massive vector field around Sagittarius A*. For a vector with effective mass $10^{-19} \, \rm eV \lesssim m_s \lesssim 10^{-18} \, \rm eV$, our Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis shows no evidence for such a cloud, placing an upper bound $M_{\rm cloud} \lesssim 0.1\% M_{\bullet}$ at $3\sigma$ confidence level. We show that dynamical friction exerted by the medium on S2 motion plays no role in the analysis performed in this and previous works, and can be neglected thus

Using the motion of S2 to constrain vector clouds around SgrA

International audienceThe dark compact object at the centre of the Milky Way is well established to be a supermassive black hole with mass $M_{\bullet} \sim 4.3 \cdot 10^6 \, M_{\odot}$, but the nature of its environment is still under debate. In this work, we used astrometric and spectroscopic measurements of the motion of the star S2, one of the closest stars to the massive black hole, to determine an upper limit on an extended mass composed of a massive vector field around Sagittarius A*. For a vector with effective mass $10^{-19} \, \rm eV \lesssim m_s \lesssim 10^{-18} \, \rm eV$, our Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis shows no evidence for such a cloud, placing an upper bound $M_{\rm cloud} \lesssim 0.1\% M_{\bullet}$ at $3\sigma$ confidence level. We show that dynamical friction exerted by the medium on S2 motion plays no role in the analysis performed in this and previous works, and can be neglected thus

Using the motion of S2 to constrain scalar clouds around SgrA

International audienceThe motion of S2, one of the stars closest to the Galactic Centre, has been measured accurately and used to study the compact object at the centre of the Milky Way. It is commonly accepted that this object is a supermassive black hole but the nature of its environment is open to discussion. Here, we investigate the possibility that dark matter in the form of an ultralight scalar field ``cloud'' clusters around Sgr~A*. We use the available data for S2 to perform a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis and find the best-fit estimates for a scalar cloud structure. Our results show no substantial evidence for such structures. When the cloud size is of the order of the size of the orbit of S2, we are able to constrain its mass to be smaller than $0.1\%$ of the central mass, setting a strong bound on the presence of new fields in the galactic centre