Mépris des règles chez les jeunes enfants : trajectoires de développement, facteurs de risque précoces et étiologie génétique-environnementale

Dès la petite enfance, des comportements perturbateurs tels la désobéissance l'agression, le non-respect des biens d'autrui et les crises de colère sont fréquents chez un petit nombre d'enfants et constituent une source d'inquiétude importante pour leurs parents. Les connaissances sur le développement précoce de ces comportements sont cependant limitées par la rareté des études longitudinales et par la mesure de symptômes hétérogènes, sans égard à leur pertinence au plan développemental. Afin de pallier ces lacunes, cette thèse se centre sur le mépris des règles, une difficulté dans le processus de socialisation propre à la petite enfance qui se retrouve au coeur des troubles comportements perturbateurs. En s'appuyant sur les données de l'Étude longitudinale du développement des enfants du Québec et de l'Étude des jumeaux nouveaunés du Québec, elle vise à examiner le cours du développement, les facteurs de risque et l'étiologie génétique et environnementale du mépris des règles pendant toute la petite enfance. Les résultats de la première étude démontrent que les traj ectoires de développement du mépris des règles sont relativement stables au cours de la petite enfance et que la poursuite d'une trajectoire élevée (4,3% de l'échantillon) est associée à des facteurs de risque identifiables précocement chez les nourrissons et leur famille: le jeune âge de la mère à sa première grossesse, le sexe masculin de l'enfant, des antécédents antisociaux et des symptômes dépressifs post-partum chez la mère. Les résultats de la deuxième étude indiquent que des facteurs génétiques stables contribuent à des niveaux constants de mépris des règles pendant toute la petite enfance, alors que les facteurs environnementaux rendent compte de différences individuelles essentiellement indépendantes d'un âge à l'autre. Ainsi, les facteurs de risque identifiés dans la première étude seraient vraisemblablement des indicateurs de risque génétique, tandis que d'autres facteurs plus ponctuels moduleraient le mépris des règles par le biais de l'environnement. VI. En alliant les perspectives clinique et développementale, cette thèse apporte des connaissances fondamentales sur les comportements des jeunes enfants face aux règles, fournit des outils pour le dépistage précoce de familles à risque et pose de nouveaux jalons à partir desquels élaborer les recherches futures

Assessing the independent contribution of maternal educational expectations to children's educational attainment in early adulthood: A propensity score matching analysis

Background Parental educational expectations have been associated with children’s educational attainment in a number of long-term longitudinal studies, but whether this relationship is causal has long been debated. The aims of this prospective study were twofold: 1) test whether low maternal educational expectations contributed to failure to graduate from high school; and 2) compare the results obtained using different strategies for accounting for confounding variables (i.e. multivariate regression and propensity score matching). Methodology/Principal Findings The study sample included 1,279 participants from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Kindergarten Children. Maternal educational expectations were assessed when the participants were aged 12 years. High school graduation – measuring educational attainment – was determined through the Quebec Ministry of Education when the participants were aged 22–23 years. Findings show that when using the most common statistical approach (i.e. multivariate regressions to adjust for a restricted set of potential confounders) the contribution of low maternal educational expectations to failure to graduate from high school was statistically significant. However, when using propensity score matching, the contribution of maternal expectations was reduced and remained statistically significant only for males.Conclusions/Significance The results of this study are consistent with the possibility that the contribution of parental expectations to educational attainment is overestimated in the available literature. This may be explained by the use of a restricted range of potential confounding variables as well as the dearth of studies using appropriate statistical techniques and study designs in order to minimize confounding. Each of these techniques and designs, including propensity score matching, has its strengths and limitations: A more comprehensive understanding of the causal role of parental expectations will stem from a convergence of findings from studies using different techniques and designs

A longitudinal twin study of callous-unemotional traits during childhood

Previous research indicates that genetic factors largely account for the stability of callous-unemotional (CU) traits in adolescence. However, the genetic-environmental etiology of the development of CU traits has not been extensively investigated in childhood, despite work showing the reliable measurement and stability of CU traits from a young age. The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal pattern of genetic and environmental etiology of CU traits across primary school, from school entry (7 years) to middle (9 and 10 years) and late childhood (12 years). Data were collected in a population sample of twins composed of 662 twin pairs (Quebec Newborn Twin Study). CU traits were reported by teachers and analyzed using a biometric latent growth curve model and a Cholesky decomposition model. Latent growth curve analyses revealed that genetic factors explain most of the variance in the intercept of CU traits. Individual differences in change over time were not significant. The Cholesky model revealed that genetic factors at 7 years had enduring contributions to CU traits at 9, 10, and 12 years. New, modest genetic contributions appeared at 9 and 10 years. Nonshared environmental contributions were generally age-specific. No shared environmental contributions were detected. In sum, both modeling approaches showed that genetic factors underlie CU traits during childhood. Initial and new genetic contributions arise during this period. Environments have substantial contributions, over and above genetic factors. Future research should investigate the source of genetic risk associated with CU traits

Gezamelte shriften : in funftsehn bender. Zekster band, Hurban Galitsye

https://www.ester.ee/record=b5457448*es

Structural adaptations and mechanism of reflex bleeding in the larvae of the myrmecophilous ladybird Diomus thoracicus

International audienceReflex bleeding is an effective defensive mechanism against predators. When attacked, some insects emit hemolymph, which coagulates, quickly entangling their aggressor. Bleeding occurs at weak intersegmental membranes or through dedicated organs, which can be associated or not with glandular cells. Here, we describe the behavior and morphological structures involved in reflex bleeding in the larvae of the ladybird, Diomus thoracicus, which are intranidal parasites of the ant Wasmannia auropunctata. The larvae are tolerated by the ants thanks to odor mimicry, but some rare aggressive ant behaviors were observed that trigger reflex bleeding both at a pair of thoracic tubercles and a pair of posterodorsal abdominal humps. No glandular structure was found in association with these emission points, which suggests that the material emitted was hemolymph only. A 3D reconstruction suggested that reflex bleeding seems to be controlled by muscles whose contraction increases the internal hydrostatic pressure and pushes the hemolymph into a funnel-like structure with an opening to the outside. In D. thoracicus, the morphological structures involved in reflex bleeding are among the most complex and prominent described to date

Assessing the independent contribution of maternal educational expectations to children’s educational attainment in early adulthood: a propensity score matching analysis

BACKGROUND

Distributions of the propensity score.

<p>Treatment Units correspond to children with low maternal expectations whereas Control Units correspond to children with high maternal expectations. The left part of the figure shows the overlap between the Matched Treatment Units versus the Matched Control Units. The Unmatched Control Units correspond to children with high maternal expectations who were discarded from the analyses (note the high density of children with low propensity scores in this group, meaning that, given their characteristics, these children had a very low probability of having a mother with low expectations and thus represented poor matches). The right part of the figure represents the matching procedure when the discard Treatment Units option was used (see <i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119638#sec030" target="_blank">Discard option</a></i>, in the <i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119638#sec029" target="_blank">Complementary analyses</a></i> section): some Matched Treatment Units had a propensity score close to one, which made it hard to find equivalent Controls. As such, they were discarded in this complementary analysis and are plotted as Unmatched Treatment Units.</p