Do sonho à realização: pedagogia empreendedora, empresariamento da educação e racionalidade neoliberal

Nas últimas décadas, as reformas educacionais têm se baseado cada vez mais na lógica do mercado e na norma neoliberal de um sujeito autorregulado, flexível e empreendedor. No Brasil, a partir de diversas parcerias público-privadas, difundiu-se a chamada “pedagogia empreendedora”, que procura utilizar o dispositivo escolar para disseminar a cultura do empreendedorismo entre crianças e jovens. Informada pela racionalidade econômica neoliberal, essa forma pedagógica sustenta que a adoção de uma atitude empreendedora em todas as esferas da vida é a chave para realizar objetivos como autorrealização, bem-estar material e satisfação pessoal. De acordo com essa lógica, para se adaptar a uma economia em contínua mudança e cada vez mais competitiva, é necessário que o indivíduo aprenda a ser autor e protagonista de sua própria vida, responsabilizando-se pelo aprendizado permanente das competências e habilidades demandadas pelo mercado. Para realizar este ensaio, consideramos estudos sobre a pedagogia empreendedora no Brasil, além de programas específicos e parcerias público-privadas, tendo como sustentação a teoria social contemporânea. Os resultados encontrados não têm como intenção representar a totalidade de ações na área da educação empreendedora no Brasil, mas apontar a disseminação do empreendedorismo como um modelo normativo que incita o sujeito a se conceber como uma empresa e a aceitar riscos, segundo uma racionalidade atuarial, que responsabiliza o estudante por sua própria formação, seu sucesso ou fracasso. Assim, a pedagogia empreendedora não só vende uma ilusão, mas reduz o espaço para formas alternativas de conceber a educação como direito do cidadão e bem comum.Over the last decades, educational reforms have increasingly been based on the Market logic and the neoliberal rule of self-regulated, flexible and entrepreneurial individual. In Brazil, stemming from several public-private partnerships the idea of the so-called “entrepreneurial pedagogy” spread seeking to utilize the school device to disseminate the culture of entrepreneurship among children and young people. Informed by the neoliberal economic rationality, such pedagogical form argues that by adopting an entrepreneurial attitude in all spheres of life is the key to achieve objectives such as self-fulfillment, material welfare and personal satisfaction. According to this logic, in order to adapt to an ever-changing and increasingly competitive economy, the individual must learn to be the author and leading actor/actress of their own life, taking responsibility for permanently learning the competences and skill demanded by the market. To carry out this essay, contemplated the studies on entrepreneurial pedagogy in Brazil, as well as specific programs and public-private partnerships, supported by contemporary social theory. Findings are not intended to represent the totality of actions in the field of education in Brazil, but rather point to the spread of entrepreneurship as a normative model that encourages the individual to conceive him/herself as a company and to take risks, according to an actuarial rationality, which the student responsible for their training, their success or failure. Thus, the entrepreneurial pedagogy not only sells an illusion but also reduces the space for alternative ways of conceiving education as a citizen´s right and as common good

Tecnologias e programas de fomento em prol da sustentabilidade na bovinocultura: revisão de literatura

A população mundial, sobretudo nos países desenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento, demanda alimentos que estejam inseridos em sistemas de produção pecuários sustentáveis, sob a ótica ambiental, econômica, social e institucional. Frente a essa realidade, buscou-se revisar e discutir as principais tecnologias de produção e programas de incentivos à produção sustentável na bovinocultura de corte e leite no Brasil. Entre as tecnologias, podemos citar a otimização do manejo do pastejo,a recuperação de pastagens degradadas e a integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF). Entre os principais programas de fomento existentes, podemos citar os programas ABC e ILPF (MAPA), Arco Verde (Governo Federal), PRODUSA (BNDES), Grupo de Trabalho em Pecuária Sustentável (GTPS), Plano Safra da Agricultura Familiar (MDA), Boas Práticas Agropecuárias (Embrapa) e o Fundo Vale (Vale S.A.). Entretanto para que tenhamos sucesso nestas ações, é necessário que os governos, nas diferentes esferas, incentivem a adesão a estes programas proporcionando extensão rural de qualidade, o que levará a uma maior conscientização e comprometimento dos produtores rurais quanto à importância da adoção destas tecnologias sustentáveis

Screening of Nickel and Platinum Catalysts for Glycerol Conversion to Gas Products in Hydrothermal Media

The production of low-carbon gaseous fuels from biomass has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote energy sustainability, stability and affordability around the world. Glycerol, a large-volume by-product of biodiesel production, is a potential feedstock for the production of low-carbon energy vectors. In this present work, an aqueous solution of pure glycerol was reacted under hydrothermal conditions using a total of 10 types of heterogeneous catalysts to evaluate its conversion to gas products (hydrogen, methane, CO, CO2 and C2–C4 hydrocarbon gases). Two bimetallic Ni-Fe and Ni-Cu catalysts, three Pt-based catalysts and physical mixtures of the five catalysts were tested. The reactions were carried out in a batch reactor for 1 h reaction time, using a 9:1 mass ratio of water/glycerol (10 wt%) and the reaction temperatures ranged between 250–350 °C using and without using 1 g of catalyst. The effects of the catalysts and reaction conditions on the conversion of glycerol in terms of carbon and hydrogen gasification efficiencies, selectivity and yields of components in the gas products were investigated. CO2 remained the most dominant gas product in all experiments. The results indicated that increasing the reaction temperature favoured gas formation and both carbon and hydrogen gasification efficiencies. The combination of Ni-Cu and Pt/C catalysts was the most selective catalyst for gas formation at 350 °C, giving carbon gasification efficiency of 95.6 wt%. Individually, the catalyst with the highest hydrogen production was Pt/C and the highest propane yield was obtained with the Ni-Cu bimetallic catalyst. Some catalysts showed good structural stability in hydrothermal media but need improvements towards better yields of desired fuel gases

In vitro germination of pollen grains of three native species from Pampa biome with ornamental potential

The aim of this work was to verify the in vitro germination of pollen grains of Angelonia integerrima L., Campomanesia aurea O. Berg and Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth in different culture medium and temperatures. For this purpose, flower buds from which pollen was collected and sprayed on plates containing the three evaluated culture medium: M1 - agar and sucrose; M2 - agar, sucrose and H3BO3; M3 - agar, sucrose, H3BO3, Ca(NO3), MgSO4 and KNO3; and two incubation temperatures (20 °C and 30 °C). Data was subjected to analysis of variance after its transformation to square root and means were compared by Fisher’s test (LSD). For the three species, the temperature of 30 ºC provided the highest percentage of pollen grain germination. For A. integerrima, M1 and M3 promoted the highest germination percentages (40.7 % and 56.5 %, respectively). On the other hand, for C. aurea, M2 provided the highest germination average (43.7 %). At last for S. punicea, M3 was the one that provided the highest average (31.62 %). It was concluded that the evaluated species differ in micronutrient requirements for in vitro germination of pollen grains. The temperature of 30 °C was suitable for all three species.The aim of this work was to verify the in vitro germination of pollen grains of Angelonia integerrima L., Campomanesia aurea O. Berg and Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth in different culture medium and temperatures. For this purpose, flower buds from which pollen was collected and sprayed on plates containing the three evaluated culture medium: M1 - agar and sucrose; M2 - agar, sucrose and H3BO3; M3 - agar, sucrose, H3BO3, Ca(NO3), MgSO4 and KNO3; and two incubation temperatures (20 °C and 30 °C). Data was subjected to analysis of variance after its transformation to square root and means were compared by Fisher’s test (LSD). For the three species, the temperature of 30 ºC provided the highest percentage of pollen grain germination. For A. integerrima, M1 and M3 promoted the highest germination percentages (40.7 % and 56.5 %, respectively). On the other hand, for C. aurea, M2 provided the highest germination average (43.7 %). At last for S. punicea, M3 was the one that provided the highest average (31.62 %). It was concluded that the evaluated species differ in micronutrient requirements for in vitro germination of pollen grains. The temperature of 30 °C was suitable for all three species

PERFIL DOS HOMENS IDOSOS FREQUENTADORES DO GRUPO DE TERCEIRA IDADE DE UM MUNICÍPIO DO NORTE DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

Nos últimos anos, a população brasileira encontra-se envelhecendo em um ritmo mais acelerado. A partir dessa situação, despertam desafios para a sociedade, uma vez que ela implica em demandas de ordem econômica, social, educacional e de saúde. Com isso, no presente estudo, objetivou-se conhecer o perfil dos homens idosos frequentadores do grupo de terceira idade de um município do norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal de cunho quanti-qualitativo e de natureza descritiva. Participaram da pequisa homens idosos, frequentadores do Grupo de Terceira Idade (GTI), com sessenta anos ou mais. Identificou-se que os participantes do GTI são indivíduos que participam na renda de sua família, eles são aposentados e moram junto ou próximo de seus cuidadores. O fato de manterem-se ativos, nas atividades desenvolvidas pela sua família e no seu tempo de lazer, contribui para que muitos dos participantes apresentem uma percepção boa, e muito boa, de sua saúde. PROFILE OF ELDERLY MEN WHO ATTEND A THIRD AGE GROUP IN A TOWN IN NORTHERN RIO GRANDE DO SUL abstract Over the last years, the Brazilian population has aged in a more accelerated pace. This situation brings up challenges for the society, once it implies economic, social, educational and health demands. Thus, in the present study, it was aimed to learn about the profile of elderly men who attend a third age group in a town in northern Rio Grande do Sul. This is a transversal, quantitative-qualitative and of descriptive nature, research. Elderly men, aged 60 and over, who attend a third age group (TAG) participated in this study. It was found that the TAG participants are individuals who take part in their families’ incomes and live with, or close to, their caregivers. The fact that these elderly people keep active within their families activities and in his time leisure, enables most of the participants to present a very good and a good perception of their health

ENREDOS DO ABUSO SEXUAL: ANÁLISE DO PROCESSO DE VIOLÊNCIA E ATENDIMENTO DE ADOLESCENTES NO MUNICÍPIO DE ALTAMIRA/PA

This article aims to analyze the complexities involving the production process of sexual abuse and forms of institutional care, based on the analysis of the life history of two teenage girls, sexually abused in the municipality of Altamira, Pará state, where they reside. Firstly, it discusses the historical reality of sexual abuse in that municipality, paying attention to the case of the emasculated boys and to the current scenario influenced for the construction of the Hydroelectric Plant of Belo Monte, and conceptually defines sexual abuse. Subsequently, it analyzes the childhood of the two teenagers, noting the presence of risk factors that favor occurrence of sexual abuse. The violence cases, whose symbolic force remained beyond the act of revelation, did promote silence pacts between the rapists and their victims. Still, the uncovering, in both cases, was due to different strategies facing the abuse suffered, which finally led to inter-institutional intervention that, in its turn, led to the production of revictimization, as well as the provision of psychosocial care from a single scientific area – Psychology – without ensure interdisciplinary work. However, the abused adolescents emphasized the positive character of psychosocial intervention, whose main result was the fact that they managed to reframe the suffered violence and to establish new life projects.O presente artigo objetiva analisar as complexidades que envolvem o processo de produção do abuso sexual e as formas de atendimento institucional, com base na análise da história de vida de duas adolescentes, abusadas sexualmente, que residem no município de Altamira, estado do Pará. Inicialmente, discute-se a realidade histórica do abuso sexual nesse município, atentando para o caso dos meninos emasculados e o cenário atual influenciado pela construção da Usina Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, e delimita-se, conceitualmente, o abuso sexual. Envereda-se, então, para a análise do período de infância das adolescentes, constatando-se a presença de fatores de risco que potencializaram a ocorrência do abuso sexual. Os processos de violência, cuja força simbólica se manteve para além do ato de revelação, promoveram pactos de silêncio entre os autores da violência e as vítimas. Ainda assim, a revelação, em ambos os casos, deveu-se a estratégias distintas de enfrentamento do abuso sofrido, o que acabou por gerar intervenção interinstitucional que acarretou a produção da revitimização, assim como a oferta do atendimento psicossocial por profissionais de uma única área científica, a Psicologia, sem garantir o trabalho interdisciplinar. No entanto, as adolescentes enfatizaram o caráter positivo da intervenção psicossocial, cujo maior resultado foi o fato de terem conseguido ressignificar as violências sofridas e estabelecer novos projetos de vida

Environmental Monitoring of Water Quality as a Planning and Management Tool: A Case Study of the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon is an urban water body, representing one of the most popular spots for the local community. It underwent serious environmental degradation, at first through its water mirror reduction and more recently through sewer inflows. Concurrently, the difficulty in renewing the water combined with adverse climatic conditions has repeatedly led to an alarming fish mortality rate. The monitoring of its water quality has been carried out as a management and planning tool that lead to the improvement of the environmental conditions. This study seeks to assess monitoring results by correlating the factors that might be the cause of a failure to comply with environmental regulations. Although it is evident that particular places in the Lagoon might be more often affected by illegal sewer discharges, no evidence could be found of any variations between the six sampling points. However, the rise in the levels of Escherichia coli, nitrogen and phosphorus, and the general temperature conditions, pH, and salinity of the water shows that the most significant alterations occurred in spring 2018.The complexity of the period of phytoplankton growth followed by the fish mortality from anoxia underlines the need for monitoring as a tool for a better understanding of the alterations, providing guidance with regard to the planning and management of the ecosystem

Supercritical Water Gasification of Eucalyptus Wood Chips Using NiFe2O4 as a Catalyst

In this work, the supercritical water gasification of eucalyptus wood chips has been investigated in relation to reaction temperature and presence of catalyst. Experiments were performed in a batch reactor at 450 ºC and 500 ºC with two different feed concentrations. This work wanted to evaluate mainly the gases were formed during the reactions. The gas products were analysed by gas chromatography. According to the results, it was found that eucalyptus wood chips reacted to form mainly H2, CH4 gases with little yield of CO2. Increasing the reaction temperature beyond 500 ºC led to the increasing production of both CH4 (around 31.1 mol%) and H2 (up to 38 mol%) gases and the liquid sample and solid residue have decreased. Generally, this work suggests that the SCWG has improved significantly the production of H2 but more experiments still necessary to verify the effects of other experimental parameters and to characterise the liquid sample and solid residue

Application of thermogravimetric analysis method for the characterisation of products from triglycerides during biodiesel production

In this present work, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study the thermal degradation of a range of lipids and lipid-derived compounds associated with the production of biodiesel. Thereafter, the procedure was used to successfully quantify the compounds of three process streams from a biodiesel plant. Relevant organic chemicals involved in biodiesel production chemistry, including glycerol, oleic acid (fatty acid), palmitic acid (fatty acid), rapeseed oil (model triglyceride) and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMES) have been studied to determine their volatilisation/thermal degradation patterns. The developed method was then applied for the quantitative characterisation of three samples from a 3-stage biodiesel production plant, including two in-process samples and the final biodiesel product. The method was able to clearly distinguish between two main sets of compounds namely, early - mid volatiles (glycerol, fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters) and late volatiles (incompletely converted and unreacted triglycerides). In addition, the FAMES in the industrial samples were extracted into petroleum ether and analysed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC/MS), with good agreement between the two analytical methods. For instance, GC/MS analysis showed that the three industrial samples contained 31.2 ± 0.1 wt%, 60.6 ± 0.2 wt% and 91 ± 0.53 wt% of FAMES, respectively. Similarly, the TGA method gave the FAMES contents of the three samples as 33.9 ± 0.4 wt%, 57.8 ± 0.2 wt% and 85.3 ± 0.52 wt%. This study shows that TGA is a fast and simple method for accurately monitoring the triglyceride conversion stages and the purity of the final product during biodiesel production, without the need for extensive sample preparations and expensive standard solutions