Henry Prinsep's Empire

Henry Prinsep is known as Western Australia’s first Chief Protector of Aborigines in the colonial government of Sir John Forrest, a period which saw the introduction of oppressive laws that dominated the lives of Aboriginal people for most of the twentieth century. But he was also an artist, horse-trader, member of a prominent East India Company family, and everyday citizen, whose identity was formed during his colonial upbringing in India and England. As a creator of Imperial culture, he supported the great men and women of history while he painted, wrote about and photographed the scenes around him. In terms of naked power he was a middle man, perhaps even a small man. His empire is an intensely personal place, a vast network of family and friends from every quarter of the British imperial world, engaged in the common tasks of making a home and a career, while framing new identities, new imaginings and new relationships with each other, indigenous peoples and fellow colonists. This book traces Henry Prinsep’s life from India to Western Australia and shows how these texts and images illuminate not only Prinsep the man, but the affectionate bonds that endured despite the geographic bounds of empire, and the historical, social, geographic and economic origins of Aboriginal and colonial relationships which are important to this day

Aquatic invertebrate fauna of western Tasmania

Although there are close associations with the south-western fauna , there are nevertheless some aquatic invertebrates found predominantly in western Tasmania, and some biological problems best studied by reference to such animals; examples from two families of crustacea and two insect orders are discussed in this paper . Western Tasmania may be regarded as the freshwater crayfish ( Parastacidae) centre of the State , all four Tasmanian genera being found there . Each genus is discussed in turn ; the habitats utilised are considered and adaptation to these habitats is illustrated by particular reference to burrow systems , calcium distribution in the exoskeleton and where possible , breeding patterns . Data is also provided on distribut i on and associated zoogeographical questions are briefly considered . Two genera of the fami ly Koonungidae ( Syncarida) are found in the west - Micraspides and Koonunga . Their habitats �nd distribution are discus s ed and att ent ion is drawn to the need for more ecological data in order to formulate answers to the zoogeographical issues invo lved . The Odonata exemplify an insect order with g enerally good dispersal power s . Al l dragonfly species found in west ern Tasmania, t ogether with their nymphal habitats, are co llated and discussed. The mo st interest ing speci es are the co ld- c l imat e adapted species , especial ly archai cs such as Archipetalia auriculata and Synthemiopsis gomphomacromioides. At t ention is drawn to the probable importance of diapaus e as an adaptat ion to cold montane habitat s . Three component s are recogni sed in the odonatan fauna , - cosmopo l i tan groups , anci ent Aus tralasian groups , and very anc i ent Gondwanal and re lict s . The Plecoptera is an order demonstrat ing poor vagi l i ty and only 6 of 31 Tasmani an species are shared with mainl and Aus tral i a . The maj ori ty of Tasmanian speci es are cold c l imat e adapted forms and cons equent ly west ern wat ers have a part i cularly conspi cuous s tone fly fauna . Data on the habitats and di stribut ion of a l l speci es found in west ern Tasmania is co l l at ed and discussed. The influence of man on aquat ic environments in west ern Tasmania is bri efly cons idered . Environmental modi fication result s from mining act ivities , hydro -el ectri c deve l opmen t , fore s try practices and from the introduction of exotic speci es such a

Scandal and the reform of London workhouse infirmaries 1864-1872

The 1834 Poor Law Act was framed with the able-bodied pauper in mind and the workhouse system was designed as the ultimate test of destitution. But workhouses soon filled with people for whom they had not been intended - the sick and chronically ill, the mentally afflicted, children and parturient women. Yet until the 1860s the poor laws had provided medical relief more by accident than design. Despite the attempts of medical reformers, the medical service had evolved more in response to internal forces within the legislative and administrative structures than to pressure from without. By the late 1830s concern about the lot of ’worthy* paupers had spread to a small group of philanthropists who did much to publicize the issue. The efforts of medical reformers and philanthropists came to nothing until the well-publicized deaths of two paupers in London workhouses erupted into scandal in 1865. The reformers effectively utilized the sensibilities of an outraged nation and for the next eight years poor law reform took on a new momentum. After two years of intense campaigning by small but influential groups of medical men, politicians and philanthropists, the Metropolitan Poor Law Amendment Act passed through Parliament easily in 1867. This Act was the first explicit acknowledgement of the need for central government intervention in the health care of the poor. It was, however, a partial solution dictated by the confused philosophy of the poor laws, resistance to central government expansion, the complexities of financing state aid to the poor and the predominant perceptions of poverty. The fundamental weakness of the 1867 Act can be traced to the difficulty of mitigating existing evils in the poor law system while maintaining the less-eligibility principle. Implementation of the Act and its subsequent amendments over the next five years was largely dictated by the Poor Law Board’s reaction to ratepayers’ objections to increased expenditure and by the emergence of the Charity Organization Society in 1869. The end result was a policy which attempted to restrict access to poor relief while improving poor law institutions. In this atmosphere, the reformers lost the initiative they had held so briefly. Ironically, separate infirmaries - the ideal of the 1860s reformers - became a means to the abolition of outdoor relief and the strict enforcement of the workhouse test. In this cycle of reform many of the most scandalous material inadequacies of the poor law medical service were eradicated from London workhouses. But the "economical and social advantages of free medicine to the poor" were lost sight of in the determined effort to instil in the poor the virtues of personal responsibility and thrift. The reforms of the 1860s had been launched because the increased humanity of the age would not tolerate the wholesale way in which paupers were herded together in workhouses. The same humanitarian impulses then saw a need to restrict access to these improved facilities in order to save the poor from themselves: that is, dependence upon the state. The medical treatment of the poor did not resurface again in the nineteenth century as a matter of major public or professional concern. In this process of reform the interplay of public opinion, the professional concern and pride of medical men and the formalization of a government bureaucracy provide the essential subject matter

An EISCAT UHF/ESR Experiment That Explains How Ionospheric Irregularities Induce GPS Phase Fluctuations at Auroral and Polar Latitudes

A limitation to the use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for precise and real-time services is introduced by irregularities in the ionospheric plasma density. An EISCAT UHF/ESR experiment was conducted to characterize the effect of electron density irregularities on temporal fluctuations in TEC along directions transverse to GPS ray paths in the high latitudes ionosphere. Two representative case studies are described: Enhancements in temporal TEC fluctuations originating (a) in the auroral ionosphere following auroral particle precipitation and (b) in the polar ionosphere following the drift of a polar patch as well as particle precipitation. The results indicate that the origin of enhancements in TEC fluctuations is due to the propagation through large-to-medium scale irregularities (i.e., ranging from few kilometres in the E region to few tens of kilometres in the F region) and occurring over spatial distances of up to approximately 400 km in the E region and up to approximately 800 km in the F region with a patchy distribution. Furthermore, the results indicate that enhancements in TEC fluctuations produced by polar plasma patches and particle precipitation occur over similar temporal scales, thus explaining the overall observation of higher phase scintillation indices in the high-latitude ionosphere. The similarity in the temporal scales over which enhancements in TEC fluctuations occur in the presence of both particle precipitation and plasma patches suggests an intrinsic limitation in the monitoring and tracking of plasma patches through ground GNSS observations

Calpain 3 is important for muscle regeneration: Evidence from patients with limb girdle muscular dystrophies

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) type 2A is caused by mutations in the CAPN3 gene and complete lack of functional calpain 3 leads to the most severe muscle wasting. Calpain 3 is suggested to be involved in maturation of contractile elements after muscle degeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate how mutations in the four functional domains of calpain 3 affect muscle regeneration.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We studied muscle regeneration in 22 patients with LGMD2A with calpain 3 deficiency, in five patients with LGMD2I, with a secondary reduction in calpain 3, and in five patients with Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) with normal calpain 3 levels. Regeneration was assessed by using the developmental markers neonatal myosin heavy chain (nMHC), vimentin, MyoD and myogenin and counting internally nucleated fibers.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found that the recent regeneration as determined by the number of nMHC/vimentin-positive fibers was greatly diminished in severely affected LGMD2A patients compared to similarly affected patients with LGMD2I and BMD. Whorled fibers, a sign of aberrant regeneration, was highly elevated in patients with a complete lack of calpain 3 compared to patients with residual calpain 3. Regeneration is not affected by location of the mutation in the <it>CAPN3 </it>gene.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our findings suggest that calpain 3 is needed for the regenerative process probably during sarcomere remodeling as the complete lack of functional calpain 3 leads to the most severe phenotypes.</p

A LOFAR observation of ionospheric scintillation from two simultaneous travelling ionospheric disturbances

This paper presents the results from one of the first observations of ionospheric scintillation taken using the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR). The observation was of the strong natural radio source Cassiopeia A, taken overnight on 18–19 August 2013, and exhibited moderately strong scattering effects in dynamic spectra of intensity received across an observing bandwidth of 10–80 MHz. Delay-Doppler spectra (the 2-D FFT of the dynamic spectrum) from the first hour of observation showed two discrete parabolic arcs, one with a steep curvature and the other shallow, which can be used to provide estimates of the distance to, and velocity of, the scattering plasma. A cross-correlation analysis of data received by the dense array of stations in the LOFAR “core” reveals two different velocities in the scintillation pattern: a primary velocity of ~20–40 ms−1 with a north-west to south-east direction, associated with the steep parabolic arc and a scattering altitude in the F-region or higher, and a secondary velocity of ~110 ms−1 with a north-east to south-west direction, associated with the shallow arc and a scattering altitude in the D-region. Geomagnetic activity was low in the mid-latitudes at the time, but a weak sub-storm at high latitudes reached its peak at the start of the observation. An analysis of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and ionosonde data from the time reveals a larger-scale travelling ionospheric disturbance (TID), possibly the result of the high-latitude activity, travelling in the north-west to south-east direction, and, simultaneously, a smaller-scale TID travelling in a north-east to south-west direction, which could be associated with atmospheric gravity wave activity. The LOFAR observation shows scattering from both TIDs, at different altitudes and propagating in different directions. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that such a phenomenon has been reported

Cellular responses to free grafting of the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the rat

The cellular and subcellular responses related to the survival or destruction and subsequent regeneration of muscle fibers within the freely grafted extensor digitorum longus muscle of the rat were examined by light and electron microscopy. A small number of fibers at the periphery of the grafts survived the initial ischemia but underwent denervation changes and accumulated lipid deposits. The majority of fibers in the grafts, however, became ischemic and underwent an intrinsic degeneration within 4 hours. Cell-mediated destruction of the degenerating fibers occurred as the grafts became revascularized. The basal laminae and some of the satellite cells were the only elements of the original fibers that persisted. Regeneration began at the periphery of the graft within three days after grafting and reached the center about three days later. After phagocytosis of the original fibers, presumptive myoblasts within the grafts differentiated into myoblasts and myotubes. The formation of myotubes followed a biphasic pattern of development comparable to that of normal fetal muscle. Although most of the myotubes were formed within the basal lamina remaining from the original fiber, there was also evidence for regeneration outside the basal lamina. Myotubes matured into muscle fibers which were essentially normal in appearance when examined up to 180 days after grafting. Some fibers, however, were atrophic, presumably due to a failure to become innervated, and some fibers were joined by myo-myous junctions. Pre-denervated grafts and Marcaine-treated grafts were also examined. There were more surviving fibers in pre-denervated grafts, and cell-mediated destruction of degenerating fibers proceeded more rapidly than in normal grafts. No surviving fibers were found in Marcaine-treated grafts. The changes in these grafts were otherwise similar to normal grafts. A schematic model of the spatial and temporal sequence of degeneration and regeneration within a free muscle graft is presented.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/23595/1/0000557.pd

A LOFAR observation of ionospheric scintillation from two simultaneous travelling ionospheric disturbances

This paper presents the results from one of the first observations of ionospheric scintillation taken using the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR). The observation was of the strong natural radio source Cassiopeia A, taken overnight on 18–19 August 2013, and exhibited moderately strong scattering effects in dynamic spectra of intensity received across an observing bandwidth of 10–80 MHz. Delay-Doppler spectra (the 2-D FFT of the dynamic spectrum) from the first hour of observation showed two discrete parabolic arcs, one with a steep curvature and the other shallow, which can be used to provide estimates of the distance to, and velocity of, the scattering plasma. A cross-correlation analysis of data received by the dense array of stations in the LOFAR “core” reveals two different velocities in the scintillation pattern: a primary velocity of ~20–40 ms−1 with a north-west to south-east direction, associated with the steep parabolic arc and a scattering altitude in the F-region or higher, and a secondary velocity of ~110 ms−1 with a north-east to south-west direction, associated with the shallow arc and a scattering altitude in the D-region. Geomagnetic activity was low in the mid-latitudes at the time, but a weak sub-storm at high latitudes reached its peak at the start of the observation. An analysis of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and ionosonde data from the time reveals a larger-scale travelling ionospheric disturbance (TID), possibly the result of the high-latitude activity, travelling in the north-west to south-east direction, and, simultaneously, a smaller-scale TID travelling in a north-east to south-west direction, which could be associated with atmospheric gravity wave activity. The LOFAR observation shows scattering from both TIDs, at different altitudes and propagating in different directions. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that such a phenomenon has been reported

Histology of 24 organs from Asian elephant calves (Elephas maximus)

Background Elephants are the largest and heaviest living terrestrial animals, but information on their histology is still lacking. This study provides a unique insight into the elephant’s organs and also provides a comparison between juvenile Asian elephants and adult Asian elephants or other species. Here we report on the histological structure of 24 organs, including the skin, brain (cerebrum, cerebellar hemisphere, vermis, thalamus, midbrain), spinal cord, sciatic nerve, striated skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, bone (flat bone and long bone), cartilage (hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage), heart (right atrium, right ventricle), blood vessels (aorta, pulmonary artery and caudal vena cava), trunk, trachea, lung, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum), liver and pancreas, kidney, ovary, uterus (body and horn) and spleen of two juvenile Asian elephants. Methods Tissue sections were stained with Harris’s hematoxylin and eosin Y. Results While almost all structures were similar to those of other species or adult elephants, some structures were different from other mammalian species, such as: plexiform bone was found in flat bone only; a thin trachealismuscle was observed in the trachea; and no serous or mucinous glands were found in the submucosa of the trachea. Discussion Histological information from various organs can serve as an important foundation of basal data for future microanatomical studies, and help in the diagnosis and pathogenesis in sick elephants or those with an unknown cause of death