Intestinal health and microbiota in salmonids: the impact of probiotics under potentially stressful conditions

The intestine and associated bacterial microbiota have a central role the physiology and homoeostasis of the host. The understanding of how farming conditions affect the intestine and associated microbiota of fish is the high importance to counteract the potential threats to health and welfare. Thus, this thesis aims to understand the role of stressful husbandry conditions on the intestine and associated microbiota of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon. Within this context, the role of Pediococcus acidilactici as health promoter was also investigated Chapter 3 investigated the replacement of fishmeal by different plant protein ingredients in rainbow trout. The results of this chapter revealed that the effect of P. acidilactici on the microbiota of distal intestine in rainbow trout was dependent on the ingredients of the diet. The results also showed that the FM substitution induced major changes in the intestinal microbiota. Moreover, the modulation induced by plant-based diets on the microbiota varied according to the ingredients used. Chapter 4 studied the effect of dietary oxytetracycline in the distal intestinal microbiota of rainbow trout and the role of P. acidilactici to ameliorate the impact of antibiotic therapy. Experimental groups fed the diets with oxytetracycline had substantial changes in the distal intestinal microbiota including a decrease in the bacterial diversity. P. acidilactici did not ameliorate the effect of antibiotic therapy in the intestinal microbiota. Chapter 5 used Atlantic salmon during smoltification to study the changes in the microbiota of distal intestine and the role of P. acidilactici to promote intestinal health. The results showed that bacterial communities in the mucosa differed from the digesta. Seawater transfer and P. acidilactici had significant changes in the intestinal microbiota of both mucosa and digesta. However, the modulatory effect of both factors evaluated was larger in the mucosa-associated microbiota than in the digesta-associated microbiota. Furthermore, P. acidilactici induced a significant increase in antiviral-related genes. Chapter 6 investigated the replacement of fish oil by rapeseed oil alone or combined with P. acidilactici on the intestinal health and microbiota of two intestinal regions in Atlantic salmon. Replacement of fish oil by rapeseed oil alone or in combination with P. acidilactici supplementation did not induce major changes in the intestinal health and microbiota. The bacterial communities found were significantly different between the pyloric caeca and mid-intestine. In conclusion, this thesis contributes to new knowledge regarding the effect of dietary supplementation of P. acidilactici and the impact of different potential challenging factors in the health and intestinal microbiota of farmed salmonid species

Consistent changes in the intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon fed insect meal diets

Background Being part of fish's natural diets, insects have become a practical alternative feed ingredient for aquaculture. While nutritional values of insects have been extensively studied in various fish species, their impact on the fish microbiota remains to be fully explored. In an 8-week freshwater feeding trial, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed either a commercially relevant reference diet or an insect meal diet wherein black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal comprised 60% of total ingredients. Microbiota of digesta and mucosa origin from the proximal and distal intestine were collected and profiled along with feed and water samples. Results The insect meal diet markedly modulated the salmon intestinal microbiota. Salmon fed the insect meal diet showed similar or lower alpha-diversity indices in the digesta but higher alpha-diversity indices in the mucosa. A group of bacterial genera, dominated by members of the Bacillaceae family, was enriched in salmon fed the insect meal diet, which confirms our previous findings in a seawater feeding trial. We also found that microbiota in the intestine closely resembled that of the feeds but was distinct from the water microbiota. Notably, bacterial genera associated with the diet effects were also present in the feeds. Conclusions We conclude that salmon fed the insect meal diets show consistent changes in the intestinal microbiota. The next challenge is to evaluate the extent to which these alterations are attributable to feed microbiota and dietary nutrients, and what these changes mean for fish physiology and health.publishedVersio

A Robust Extended State Observer for the Estimation of Concentration and Kinetics in a CSTR

This paper presents a state estimation structure for a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR), by means of an Asymptotic Observer jointly with a disturbance high order sliding mode-based estimator. The proposed estimation scheme allows the asymptotic reconstruction of the concentration inside the reactor based on the measures of the temperature inside the reactor and the temperature inside the jacket, in presence of changes in the global coefficient of heat transfer UA, the Arrhenius constant k0 and the activation energy E. Additionally, the structure is able to estimate UA and the kinetics term k0e−ERT. The properties of the proposed scheme are proved mathematically and verified through numerical simulations.ITESO, A.C.CINVESTAV-IP

Detección de Yersinia pseudotuberculosis en heces de cuyes (Cavia porcellus) utilizando una metodología microbiológica y una molecular

The suitability of two methodologies, a conventional microbiological method and a molecular method, based on amplifications by Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was evaluated for the detection of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in feces of guinea pig. The analytical sensitivity and analytical specificity, as well as the economic cost, time and complexity for each method were evaluated. Molecular detection of Y. pseudotuberculosis was done by a nested PCR with specific primers for the inv chromosomal virulence gene. The microbiological confirmation was done by using a commercial identification kit. In order to reduce the side effect caused by PCR inhibitors that are normally present in feces, an amplification protocol for such type of samples was standardized. The highest sensitivity level was observed in the method that combined pre-enrichment, microbiological isolation and PCR. This method was able to detect bacterial concentrations between 1.5 x 104 and 1.5 x 103 colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) of feces, whereas the highest diagnostic sensitivity level obtained by nested PCR was 1.5 x 105 CFU/g of feces. Both, the molecular and the microbiological methodologies, had advantages with experimentally inoculated sterile feces. Since the detection of the microorganism on samples of non-sterilized feces was difficult using either method, the use of a combination of microbiological and molecular techniques is suggested to get a better diagnostic performance for the detection of this pathogen. En este trabajo se evaluó el desempeño de dos metodologías, una microbiológica y una molecular basada en la amplificación por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), para la detección de Yersinia pseudotuberculosis en heces de cuyes. La evaluación de cada una de las metodologías se realizó teniendo en cuenta su sensibilidad y especificidad analítica, así como su costo económico, tiempo y complejidad. La detección molecular de Y. pseudotuberculosis se realizó por PCR anidada usando iniciadores específicos para el gen de virulencia cromosomal inv, mientras que en los ensayos microbiológicos la identificación bacteriana se hizo mediante una batería comercial de perfiles bioquímicos. Se estandarizó un protocolo de amplificación en materia fecal, el cual redujo el efecto negativo que causan los inhibidores de la PCR presentes en muestras de esta naturaleza. La sensibilidad analítica más alta se observó con la metodología en la que se combinó preenriquecimiento, aislamiento microbiológico y PCR, con un rango de detección entre 1,5 x 104 y 1,5 x 103 unidades formadoras de colonias por gramo (ufc/g) de material fecal; mientras que la mayor sensibilidad obtenida en PCR anidada fue de 1,5 x 105 ufc/g de materia fecal. Tanto la metodología microbiológica como la molecular presentaron ventajas en los ensayos en los que se usó materia fecal estéril experimentalmente inoculada. Sin embargo, en muestras de materia fecal sin esterilizar la detección del microorganismo se dificultó al utilizar una única metodología, por lo que se sugiere combinar técnicas microbiológicas y moleculares para obtener un mejor desempeño diagnóstico.  

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Regiones: Pacífica, Caldas y Risaralda.

En la elaboración de este documento se utilizó el estudio de las referencias bibliográficas resumidos en los avances que se han logrado en el diplomado de profundización, donde se estudiaron los diferentes escenarios de violencia vividos en nuestros entornos y en las zonas rurales de nuestro país. Colombia es un país que lleva décadas inmerso en una guerra en la cual, la población civil ha sido la más perjudicada, poblaciones que han quedado con secuelas que nunca olvidaran, pero que estas mismas secuelas le han servido para renacer y realizar nuevos proyectos de vida, por esta razón la narrativa, ha sido una herramienta psicosocial fundamental de fortalecimiento que fomenta, la capacidad de afrontamiento y de resiliencia, permitiéndoles a las victimas retroalimentarse de sus más grandes tragedias y seguir adelante. las consecuencias que han quedado de esta guerra son innumerables; problemas psicológicos, físicos, sociales, emocionales y conductuales, causando severas crisis psicológicas y circunstanciales, manifestadas en los diferentes relatos de vida analizados, lo cual afecta en gran manera la subjetividad de las víctimas. Son muchas las comunidades e individuos que han sido vulnerados por el gobierno y los grupos al margen de la ley, por lo tanto, como profesionales de psicología es un deber garantizar a las poblaciones víctima del conflicto armado una adecuada atención y acompañamiento psicosocial, donde haya una participación activa del individuo, núcleo familiar y comunidades, logrando que cada una de estas experiencias narradas, se conviertan es experiencias esperanzadoras, induciéndolos a construir su proyecto de vida, no olvidando que son sobrevivientes de este conflicto, del cual ellos no tienen la culpa. En el trabajo anterior hablamos de la aplicación de la imagen y la narrativa, como herramienta psicosocial, la cual es utilizada como instrumentos que nos permite conocer la realidad de los acontecimientos de violencia que se han presentado en las diferentes partes del territorio colombiano, dejando secuelas que con una buena atención psicosocial se pueden curar mas no olvidar.For the elaboration of this document, it was used in the study of bibliographic references summarized in the advances that has achieved in the deepening diploma, where it was studied the different violence scenes lived in contexts and rural zones of our country. Colombia is a place that has been for decades at war, which civil population has been the most affected, even some events happened and its residents will never forget them, but they help population reborn and carry out new life projects, for this reason, the narrative has been a psychological fundamental tool that encourage the capacity of confrontation and resilience let victim’s feedback from their greatest tragedies and go ahead. The consequences that has stayed due the war are innumerable: psychological, physical, social, emotional and behavioral problems, they cause severe psychological and circumstantial crisis manifested in different life experiences analyzed, which affect the subjectivity of victims considerably. There are many communities and people that has been infringed by government and illegal groups. Therefore, as professional of psychology, it is a duty to guarantee the victims of the conflict armed adequate attention and psychosocial support, where there is a participation of every person, family and society. It achieves that every individual and particular experience become in hope, in order to build his/her life project, without forgetting that are survivors of this conflict and it is not their fault. In the previous work, we talked about the application of image and narrative as psychological tool, which is used as resources that allow us to know the reality of violent events that have occurred in different parts of the Colombian territory, leaving sequels that, with an adequate psychosocial attention, could get better, but it does not forget

Evaluación de técnicas coprodiagnósticas para Toxocara canis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of four coprodiagnostic techniques to quantitatively determine the presence of Toxocara canis eggs in fresh canine stool samples. For this, eggs were extracted from the uterus of adult female T. canis obtained from canine puppies. Eight concentrations of eggs were used (10, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1 000 eggs per gram of faeces - hpg), being considered as the gold standard to determine the degree of precision of the Kato-Katz, McMaster, Improved Modified McMaster and Faust techniques. Three repetitions were used per technique and per concentration. The sensitivity of each test was performed by arithmetic calculation and ROC curve (95% CI), comparing them with the gold standard by means of a nonparametric test of the Wilcoxon signed ranges (p<0.05). The Faust technique detected T. canis eggs regardless of concentration, but in statistical inequality with the gold standard (p<0.001 to p<0.0001). The Kato-Katz technique did not show significant differences with the gold standard, but it was unable to detect the presence of T. canis eggs in 10 and 50 hpg concentration, while the improved modified McMaster technique showed similarity with the gold standard in 100 and 250 hpg. The McMaster method detected eggs from 100 hpg, obtaining hpg values below the gold standard (p<0.05 and p<0.001). Sensitivities of 74.72% (95% CI 72.93-80.22) were obtained for the Kato-Katz technique and between 30 and 40% (95% CI 26.71-48.29) for the other tests. It is concluded that the Kato-Katz technique obtained a better performance showing a constant quantitative diagnostic sensitivity when compared with other routine quantitative stool diagnosis techniques in veterinary laboratories for T. canis eggs in fresh dog faeces samples.El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la sensibilidad de técnicas coprodiagnósticas para determinar cuantitativamente la presencia de huevos de Toxocara canis en muestras de heces frescas de caninos. Para ello, se extrajeron huevos del útero de hembras adultas de T. canis obtenidas de cachorros caninos. Se utilizaron ocho concentraciones de huevos (10, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 750 y 1 000 huevos por gramo de materia fecal – hpg), siendo considerados como el gold standard para determinar el grado de precisión de las técnicas Kato-Katz, McMaster, McMaster modificado mejorado y Faust. Se utilizaron tres repeticiones por técnica y por concentración. La sensibilidad de cada prueba se realizó mediante el cálculo aritmético y curva ROC (IC95%), comparándolas con el gold standard mediante una prueba no paramétrica de los rangos con signo de Wilcoxon (p<0.05). La técnica Faust detectó huevos de T. canis sin importar la concentración, pero en desigualdad estadística con el gold standard (p<0.001 a p<0.0001). La técnica Kato-Katz no presentó diferencias significativas con el gold standard, pero no detectó la presencia de huevos de T. canis en 10 y 50 hpg, mientras que la técnica McMaster modificado mejorado presentó similitud con el gold estandar en 100 y 250 hpg. El método de McMaster detectó huevos a partir de 100 hpg, obteniendo valores de hpg por debajo del gold standard (p<0.05 y p<0.001). Se obtuvieron sensibilidades de 74.72% (IC95% 72.93-80.22) para la técnica de Kato-Katz y entre 30 y 40% (IC95% 26.71-48.29) para las demás pruebas. Se concluye que la técnica Kato-Katz obtuvo un mejor desempeño en sensibilidad diagnóstica cuantitativa constante al comprarse con técnicas cotidianas cuantitativas de diagnóstico coprológico en laboratorios veterinarios para huevos de T. canis en muestras de heces frescas de canes

NIVEL DE RIESGO DE DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2 EN EL CENTRO DE SALUD UNIVERSITARIO DE MOTUPE DE LA CIUDAD DE LOJA

Introducción: La diabetes Mellitus (DM), es una enfermedad crónica, incurable, de carácter multifactorial, que se caracteriza por la presencia de hiperglucemia, que altera diferentes órganos del cuerpo humano y que afecta a personas de diferentes grupos etarios en el mundo. Objetivo: Conocer el nivel de riesgo de padecer Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) en personas que acuden al Centro de Salud Universitario de Motupe de la ciudad de Loja. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo, de corte transversal en una muestra de 30 personas acuden a consulta al Centro de Salud Universitario de Motupe, se usó la prueba “Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISK)” el cual se encuentra validado y tiene un alto grado de confiabilidad con un coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach de 0.78, conformado por 8 variables referentes a los factores de riesgo. Resultados: El 33,3% de la población presenta un riesgo ligeramente elevado, seguido del 26,7 % que presentan un riesgo bajo y un 16,7% de la población presenta un rango moderado y alto, finalizando con 6,7% que presentan un rango muy alto de padecer DM2 en los próximos 10 años. Conclusiones: El nivel de riesgo más representativo es el ligeramente elevado, en donde las variables que representan más riesgo son la actividad física y el índice de masa corporal, mientras que las variables de edad y consumo de frutas y verduras son aquellos factores que de seguir en un buen nivel van a actuar favoreciendo en la prevención de la Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2   Palabras clave: diabetes mellitus, hiperglucemia, complicaciones de la diabetes Tipo 2, Adulto, obesidad, síndrome metabólico   ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic, incurable, multifactorial disease, characterized by the presence of hyperglycemia, which alters different organs of the human body and affects people of different age groups in the world. Objective: To know the level of risk of suffering from Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) in people who attend the Motupe University Health Center in the city of Loja. Methods: Quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study in a sample of 30 people attending the Motupe University Health Center, the "Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISK)" test was used, which is validated and has a high degree of reliability with a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of 0.78, made up of 8 variables referring to risk factors. Results: 33.3% of the population presents a slightly high risk, followed by 26.7% that present a low risk and 16.7% of the population presents a moderate and high range, ending with 6.7% that have a very high rate of suffering from DM2 in the next 10 years. Conclusions: The most representative level of risk is slightly elevated, where the variables that represent more risk are physical activity and body mass index, while the variables of age and consumption of fruits and vegetables are those factors that should be followed. at a good level they will act favoring the prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Keywords: diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, complications of diabetes type 2, Adult, obesity, metabolic syndrom

Amor, empatía y conductas prosociales: una reflexión interdisciplinaria

This book presents, through reflection, the relevance, timeliness and necessity of love, empathy and prosocial behaviors within the framework of the professional and disciplinary work of the authors. The reader will be able to find here what these professionals, academics and intellectuals think and feel about it. Let the reader know that it was not a simple writing project, maybe because of the invitation to think about oneself, maybe because of the presence of the concept of "love" in the academy, or maybe, because we are not so accustomed to putting in the first person the reflection turned from what we relate to day by day. May this text be the excuse to continue to reflect on the role of love, empathy and prosocial behavior in a world that sometimes shows great desolation. May these unknotted reflections allow us to understand and resignify, learn and continue.PublishedEste libro expone, por la vía de la reflexión, la pertinencia, actualidad y necesidad del amor, la empatía y las conductas prosociales en el marco del quehacer profesional y disciplinar de los autores. El lector podrá encontrar aquí lo que esos profesionales, académicos e intelectuales piensan y sienten al respecto. Sepa el lector que no fue un proyecto de escritura sencillo, quizá por la invitación a pensar sobre sí, quizá por la presencia del concepto “amor” en la academia, o quizá, simplemente, porque no estamos tan acostumbrados a poner en primera persona la reflexión devenida de aquello con lo que día a día nos relacionamos. Que sea este texto la excusa para continuar reflexionando sobre el papel del amor, la empatía y las conductas prosociales en un mundo que a veces muestra gran desolación. Que estas reflexiones des-anudadas permitan comprender y resignificar, aprender y continuar

Combined effects of exogenous enzymes and probiotic on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth, intestinal morphology and microbiome

A study was carried out to investigate the combined effect of exogenous enzymes and probiotic supplementation on tilapia growth, intestinal morphology and microbiome composition. Tilapia (34.56 ± 0.05 g) were fed one of four diets (35% protein, 5% lipid); one of which was a control and the remaining three diets were supplemented with either enzymes (containing phytase, protease and xylanase), probiotic (containing Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilus) or enz-pro (the combination of the enzymes and probiotic). Tilapia fed diet supplemented with enz-pro performed better (P < 0.05) than tilapia fed the control and probiotic supplemented diets in terms of final body weight (FBW), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). The dietary treatments did not affect somatic indices. The serum lysozyme activity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in tilapia fed the probiotic supplemented diet than of those fed the remaining experimental diets. The intestinal perimeter ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in tilapia fed enz-pro supplemented diet when compared to those fed with the control and probiotic supplemented diets. Goblet cells abundance, microvilli diameter and total enterocyte absorptive surface was higher (P < 0.05) in tilapia fed diet supplemented with enz-pro than those fed the control diet. High-throughput sequencing revealed that majority of reads derived from the tilapia digesta belonged to members of Fusobacteria (predominantly Cetobacterium) distantly followed by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. The alpha and beta diversities did not differ among dietary treatments indicating that the overall microbial community was not modified to a large extent by dietary treatment. In conclusion, supplementation of the diet with a combination of enzymes and probiotic is capable of improving tilapia growth and intestinal morphology without deleterious effect on the intestinal microbial composition