Cultivating Ethical Conduct in the Personal, Private, and Public Sectors: Moving from Anti-Corruption Structural Reforms to Individual Accountability

Finding an effective path toward greater ethical conduct, less corruption, and greater personal integrity has been elusive. This is not because of lack of attention. The last 25 years have seen dramatic growth in global consensus and action on reducing corrupt behavior and promoting ethical conduct. Major initiatives by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the United Nations, and the World Bank, led to major changes in global tolerance for corruption and corresponding emphasis on promoting ethical conduct. This article will discuss the global move toward structural reforms to reduce corruption, and demonstrate how a corresponding effort toward promoting ethical conduct through individual accountability is emerging and is necessary for these reforms to be [email protected] S. Albanese is a Professor in the Wilder School of Government & Public Affairs at Virginia Commonwealth University. He received the Ph.D. from the School of Criminal Justice at Rutgers University. Dr. Albanese served as Chief of the International Center at the National Institute of Justice, the research arm of the U.S. Department of Justice. He is author and editor of 20 books and numerous articles on organized crime, corruption, transnational crime, and ethics. Dr. Albanese is recipient of the Distinguished Teaching Award from Virginia Commonwealth University, the Gerhard Mueller Award for research contributions from the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences International Section, and the Distinguished Scholar Award from the International Association for the Study of Organized Crime. He is a past president and a fellow of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.Virginia Commonwealth University, United StatesAlbanese J. S., What Lockheed and La Cosa Nostra Have in Common: The Effect of Ideology on Criminal Justice Policy, “Crime & Delinquency” 1982, vol. 28.Albanese J. S., Report from the Rapporteur: International Law Enforcement Cooperation: Past Experience, Present Practices, and Future Directions (in:) K. Aromaa, and T. Viljanen, (eds.) Enhancing International Law Enforcement Cooperation, including Extradition Measures. HEUNI European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, Helsinki 2005.Albanese J. S., Transnational Crime and the 21st Century: Criminal Enterprise, Corruption, and Opportunity, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011.Albanese J. S., Organized Crime: From the Mob to Transnational Organized Crime, Routledge London 2015.Albanese J. S., Professional Ethics in Criminal Justice: Being Ethical When No One is Looking, 4th ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 2016.Albanese J. S., Countering Transnational Crime and Corruption: The Urge to Action versus the Patience to Evaluate, “Justice Evaluation Journal” 2019, vol. 1, pp. 82-95.Argandona A., The United Nations Convention Against Corruption and its Impact on International Companies, “Journal of Business Ethics” 2007, vol. 74.Aromaa K., Viljanen T., (eds.), Enhancing International Law Enforcement Cooperation, including Extradition Measures. Helsinki: HEUNI European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, Helsinki 2005.Bazerman M. H., Tenbrunsel A.E. Blind Spots: Why We Fail to Do What’s Right and What to Do about It. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 2011.Boisson de Chazournes L., Fromageau E., Balancing the Scales: The World Bank Sanctions Process and Access to Remedies, “European Journal of International Law” 2012, vol. 23.Buscaglia E., Controlling Organized Crime and Corruption in the Public Sector, “Forum on Crime and Society” 2003, vol. 3.Bussman K. D., Miemeczek A., Vockrodt M., Company Culture and Prevention of Corruption in Germany, China and Russia, “European Journal of Criminology” 2018, vol. 15.Doyle J. M., Who’s Really to Blame for Police ‘Testilying’? Thecrimereport.org., 29.03.2018.Education for Justice. Integrity and Ethics, http://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/tertiary/integrity-ethics.html 2008.Forsha S. K., Virtue and Moral Development: Changing Ethics Instruction in Business School Education, “College Student Journal” 2017, vol. 51, no. 3.Gino F., Norton M. I., Ariely D., The Counterfeit Self: The Deceptive Costs of Faking It, “Psychological Science” 2010, vol. 21.Hartfield D., The Organization of ‘Organized Crime Policing’ and Its International Context, “Criminology and Criminal Justice” 2008, vol. 8.Heimann, F., Pieth M.,Confronting Corruption: Past Concerns, Present Challenges, and Future Strategies. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2018.Kiss E., In Praise of Eccentricity (in:) M. Josephson, W. Hanson, Eds., The Power of Character, JosseyBass, San Francisco 1998.Klugman C., Stump B., The Effect of Ethics Training upon Individual Choice, “Journal of Further & Higher Education” 2006, vol. 30, no. 2.Marc A., Conflict and Violence in the 21st Century Current Trends as Observed in Empirical Research and Statistics, World Bank Group, Washington D.C. 2016.May C., Asset Seizure and Forfeiture: Ethical Issues, “FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin” 9.05.2016.Redo S., On the Importance of Preschool Civic Education for the Global Culture of Lawfulness, (in;) Kury H., Redo S. (eds.), Refugees and Migrants in Law and Policy, Springer, Heidelberg 2018.Rose-Ackerman S., Palifk a B. J., Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform (2nded.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2016.Staub E., The Psychology of Good and Evil: Why Children, Adults, and Groups Help and Harm Others, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003.The Crime Report Staff . Prosecutors and Wrongful Convictions: “Pay Now or Pay Later.” Thecrimereport.org, 20.01.2018.Thompson, Larry D., In-sourcing Corporate Responsibility for Enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, “American Criminal Law Review” 2014, vol. 51.United Nations Convention against Corruption, 2349 UNTS 41.United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Education for Justice, https://www.unodc.org/dohadeclaration/en/topics/education-for-justice.html, 2018aUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. UN Convention against Corruption. Signature and Ratification Status, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/corruption/ratifi cation-status.html, 2018b.United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. World Crime Trends and Emerging Issues and Response in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. E/CN.15/2018/10. 23.02.2018.Vartan G., Our Moral DNA (in) M. Josephson and W. Hanson (eds.), The Power of Character. JosseyBass, San Francisco 1998.World Bank. Our Mission, http://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are (30.05.2018).233556

Aspectos transnacionais

Lusíada. Direito. - ISSN 2182-4118. - N. especial (2023). - p. 243

The Constrained Maximal Expression Level Owing to Haploidy Shapes Gene Content on the Mammalian X Chromosome.

X chromosomes are unusual in many regards, not least of which is their nonrandom gene content. The causes of this bias are commonly discussed in the context of sexual antagonism and the avoidance of activity in the male germline. Here, we examine the notion that, at least in some taxa, functionally biased gene content may more profoundly be shaped by limits imposed on gene expression owing to haploid expression of the X chromosome. Notably, if the X, as in primates, is transcribed at rates comparable to the ancestral rate (per promoter) prior to the X chromosome formation, then the X is not a tolerable environment for genes with very high maximal net levels of expression, owing to transcriptional traffic jams. We test this hypothesis using The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) and data from the Functional Annotation of the Mammalian Genome (FANTOM5) project. As predicted, the maximal expression of human X-linked genes is much lower than that of genes on autosomes: on average, maximal expression is three times lower on the X chromosome than on autosomes. Similarly, autosome-to-X retroposition events are associated with lower maximal expression of retrogenes on the X than seen for X-to-autosome retrogenes on autosomes. Also as expected, X-linked genes have a lesser degree of increase in gene expression than autosomal ones (compared to the human/Chimpanzee common ancestor) if highly expressed, but not if lowly expressed. The traffic jam model also explains the known lower breadth of expression for genes on the X (and the Z of birds), as genes with broad expression are, on average, those with high maximal expression. As then further predicted, highly expressed tissue-specific genes are also rare on the X and broadly expressed genes on the X tend to be lowly expressed, both indicating that the trend is shaped by the maximal expression level not the breadth of expression per se. Importantly, a limit to the maximal expression level explains biased tissue of expression profiles of X-linked genes. Tissues whose tissue-specific genes are very highly expressed (e.g., secretory tissues, tissues abundant in structural proteins) are also tissues in which gene expression is relatively rare on the X chromosome. These trends cannot be fully accounted for in terms of alternative models of biased expression. In conclusion, the notion that it is hard for genes on the Therian X to be highly expressed, owing to transcriptional traffic jams, provides a simple yet robustly supported rationale of many peculiar features of X's gene content, gene expression, and evolution

The Prediction and Control of Organized Crime: A Risk Assessment Instrument for Targeting Law Enforcement Efforts

The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title

Kejahatan terorganisasi (Organized Crime); akar dan perkembangannya

xvi; 421 hal,; bibl.; lamp.; ill.; 19 c

White Collar Crimes and Casino Gambling: Looking for Empirical Links to Forgery

Abstract This study investigates the alleged link between casino gambling and arrests for the commission of the "white collar" crimes of forgery, fraud, and embezzlement. The rapid expansion of casino gaming venues in recent years has been said to have increased the incidence of white collar crimes by casino customers who get themselves in financial trouble by overspending at casinos (given the median age of 47 for casino patrons and that 41% hold white collar jobs). This study investigates this question by using several kinds of data to examine arrest and offender trends, using a follow-up period of up to 10 years to assess long-term impacts. The results indicate that, comparing pre-and post-casino average annual arrests for embezzlement, forgery, and fraud, trends show a general decrease in arrests in casino jurisdictions, although embezzlement arrests rose in Connecticut and in nationwide statistics. An assessment of the reasons offered from interviews with people convicted of embezzlement and fraud are presented to examine the extent to which gambling is a causal factor

Kejahatan terorganisasi (organized crime) : akar dan perkembangannya

xvi, 424 p. ; 25 cm

Organized Crime In our Times

xvi+406hlm.;25c