Piirilinna haigla

Eesti Arst 2016; 95(2):128–12

Combining Support Vector Machines to Predict Novel Angiogenesis Genes

Vähk on tänapäeval üks levinumaid ja ohtlikumaid haigusi põhjustades igal aastal 13% kõigist surmajuhtumitest üle maailma. Hoolimata aastatepikkustest jõupingutustest ei ole seni ikka veel efektiivset ravi selle haiguse vastu leitud. Küll on aga teada, et vähi arengus on olulisel kohal angiogenees, mille käigus vähk paneb enda ümber asuvad veresooned hargnema ja kasvama. Parem arusaamine sellest protsessist võimaldaks potentsiaalselt luua uusi ja efektiivsemaid ravimeetodeid. Aastate jooksul tehtud eksperimentide käigus on mõõdetud enamiku inimese geenide ekpressiooni rohkem kui 5000 tingimuses. Lisaks on meie koostööpartnerid koostanud nimekirja 341-st veresoonte loomega seotud geenist. Käesoleva töö eesmärgiks ongi uurida, kuidas geeniekspressiooni andmete ja väikese hulga tuntud angiogeneesi geenide põhjal on võimalik ennustada uusi angiogeneesiga seotud geene. Selleks võrreldakse kõigepealt mitmeid olemasolevaid masinõppe meetodeid ja avalikult kättesaadavaid bioinformaatika tööriistu, mida saaks kasutada kandidaatgeenide ennustamiseks. Kõigi nende meetodite puhul kasutatakse sisendiks võimalikult sarnaseid andmeid ning mõõdetakse siis 10-kordse ristvalideerimise abil, kui edukad need on juba tuntud angiogeneesi geenide ülesleidmisel. Töö teises osas pakutakse välja uudne Comb-SVM meetod kandidaatgeenide ennustamiseks. Selle põhiidee baseerub kolmel sammul. Kõigepealt kasutatakse juba tuntud angiogeneesi geene ning juhuslikult valitud negatiivseid geene, et treenida paralleelselt mitu tugivektormasinal (ingl k Support Vector Machine) põhinevat klassifitseerijat. Järgnevalt kasutakse neid klassifitseerijaid uute angiogeneesi geenide ennustamiseks. Viimaks agregeeritakse kõigi klassifitseerijate tulemused kokku üheks ennustuseks. Töö lõpus näidatakse, et 10-kordse ristvalideerimise põhjal on Comb-SVM täpsem kui enamik olemasolevaid meetodeid. Lisaks näidatakse, et Comb-SVM ennustused on oluliselt stabiilsemad väikeste muudatuste suhtes treeningandmetes kui paremuselt teise algoritmi tulemused. Kõige lõpuks kasu- tatakse teaduskirjandust ning Gene Ontology andmebaasi veendumaks, et uued ennustatud geenid on tõpoolest seotud angiogeneesiga.Angiogenesis is the process of growing new blood vessels. It is part of normal bodily functions like wound healing, but it also plays an important role in cancer development. Without angiogenesis, tumors would not be able to grow larger than 1-2 millimeters in diameter due to the lack of oxygen and nutrients. However, only a part of the genes involved in angiogenesis are known. In this work, we proposed a new Comb-SVM machine learning method to predict new members to the positive class, that does not require a clearly defined negative examples. The idea is to train multiple Support Vector Machines (SVMs) using known genes as positive samples and various randomly selected sets of genes as negative examples. The multiple SVMs are then used to separately classify all remaining human genes and the results are finally aggregated using a rank aggregation algorithm. The outcome is a list of genes ranked according to their similarity to known input genes. We applied this method to 341 known angiogenesis genes. Experiments were conducted on a large Affymetrix microarray gene expression matrix consisting of 5732 experiments and 22283 probe sets obtained from ArrayExpress. We compared Comb-SVM to many other state-of-the-art approaches. According to cross-validation experiments, our method outperformed most of the existing methods when looking at areas under Receiver Operator Characteristic and Precision-Recall curves. We also determined that our method gave significantly more stable results than the second best approach. Finally, we verified the biological relevance of the predicted genes by searching the literature and Gene Ontology

Regulation of gene expression in macrophage immune response

Gene expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping studies can provide mechanistic insights into the functions of disease-associated variants. However, many eQTLs are cell type and context specific. This is particularly relevant for immune cells, whose cellular function and behaviour can be substantially altered by external cues. Furthermore, understanding mechanisms behind eQTLs is hindered by the difficulty of identifying causal variants. We differentiated macrophages from induced pluripotent stem cells from 86 unrelated, healthy individuals derived as part of the Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Initiative. We generated RNA-seq data from these cells in four experimental conditions: naïve, interferon- gamma (IFNɣ) treatment (18h), Salmonella infection (5h), and IFNγ treatment followed by Salmonella infection. We also measured chromatin accessibility with ATAC-seq in 31-42 individuals in the same four conditions. We detected gene expression QTLs (eQTLs) for 4326 genes, over 900 of which were condition-specific. We also detected a similar number of transcript ratio QTLs (trQTLs) that influenced mRNA processing and alternative splicing. Macrophage eQTLs and trQTLs were enriched for variants associated with Alzheimer’s disease, multiple autoimmune disorders and lipid traits. We also detected chromatin accessibility QTLs (caQTLs) for 14,602 accessible regions, including hundreds of long-range interactions. Joint analysis of eQTLs with caQTLs allowed us to greatly reduce the set of credible causal variants, often pinpointing to a single most likely variant. We found that caQTLs were less condition- specific than eQTLs and ~50% of the stimulation-specific eQTLs manifested on the chromatin level already in the naive cells. These observations might help to explain the discrepancy between strong enrichment of diseases associations in regulatory elements but only modest overlap with current eQTL studies, suggesting that many regulatory elements are in a ‘primed’ state waiting for an appropriate environmental signal before regulating gene expression.Wellcome Trust scholarship for the PhD programme in Mathematical Genomics and Medicin

eQTL Catalogue 2023: New datasets, X chromosome QTLs, and improved detection and visualisation of transcript-level QTLs

The eQTL Catalogue is an open database of uniformly processed human molecular quantitative trait loci (QTLs). We are continuously updating the resource to further increase its utility for interpreting genetic associations with complex traits. Over the past two years, we have increased the number of uniformly processed studies from 21 to 31 and added X chromosome QTLs for 19 compatible studies. We have also implemented Leafcutter to directly identify splice-junction usage QTLs in all RNA sequencing datasets. Finally, to improve the interpretability of transcript-level QTLs, we have developed static QTL coverage plots that visualise the association between the genotype and average RNA sequencing read coverage in the region for all 1.7 million fine mapped associations. To illustrate the utility of these updates to the eQTL Catalogue, we performed colocalisation analysis between vitamin D levels in the UK Biobank and all molecular QTLs in the eQTL Catalogue. Although most GWAS loci colocalised both with eQTLs and transcript-level QTLs, we found that visual inspection could sometimes be used to distinguish primary splicing QTLs from those that appear to be secondary consequences of large-effect gene expression QTLs. While these visually confirmed primary splicing QTLs explain just 6/53 of the colocalising signals, they are significantly less pleiotropic than eQTLs and identify a prioritised causal gene in 4/6 cases

Molecular and functional variation in iPSC-derived sensory neurons

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and cells derived from them, have become key tools for modeling biological processes, particularly in cell types that are difficult to obtain from living donors. Here we present a map of regulatory variants in iPSC-derived neurons, based on 123 differentiations of iPSCs to a sensory neuronal fate. Gene expression was more variable across cultures than in primary dorsal root ganglion, particularly for genes related to nervous system development. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we found that the number of neuronal versus contaminating cells was influenced by iPSC culture conditions before differentiation. Despite high differentiation-induced variability, our allele-specific method detected thousands of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influenced gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and RNA splicing. On the basis of these detected QTLs, we estimate that recall-by-genotype studies that use iPSC-derived cells will require cells from at least 20-80 individuals to detect the effects of regulatory variants with moderately large effect sizes

Common genetic variation drives molecular heterogeneity in human iPSCs.

Technology utilizing human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) has enormous potential to provide improved cellular models of human disease. However, variable genetic and phenotypic characterization of many existing iPS cell lines limits their potential use for research and therapy. Here we describe the systematic generation, genotyping and phenotyping of 711 iPS cell lines derived from 301 healthy individuals by the Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Initiative. Our study outlines the major sources of genetic and phenotypic variation in iPS cells and establishes their suitability as models of complex human traits and cancer. Through genome-wide profiling we find that 5-46% of the variation in different iPS cell phenotypes, including differentiation capacity and cellular morphology, arises from differences between individuals. Additionally, we assess the phenotypic consequences of genomic copy-number alterations that are repeatedly observed in iPS cells. In addition, we present a comprehensive map of common regulatory variants affecting the transcriptome of human pluripotent cells

Injection of embryonic stem cell derived macrophages ameliorates fibrosis in a murine model of liver injury

Abstract The following ethical statement was added to the end of the Methods section in the HTML and PDF versions of this Article: The animal experiments were approved and conducted in accordance to the UK Home Office regulations (Project Licence No.70/7847). Erratum to: doi: 10.1038/s41536-017-0017-