The evolution of the spatial digital divide: From internet adoption to internet use by french industrial firms

In this paper, we concentrate on different aspects of the « spatial digital divide » and seek to answer three questions : Are there still spatial inequalities in the adoption of these technologies ? Is there a so-called “second level” geographical divide characterized by important differences in the intensity of Internet use between firms that have adopted these tools? Do the appropriation processes and logic of diffusion of ICT adopters vary according to the type of area in which they are located (urban vs. rural areas)? To answer these questions we have constructed an original model of technological diffusion (of the type developed by Battisti and Stoneman, 2005) that merges two types of models: those that concentrate on epidemic effects, and the so-called equilibrium models that model the decision to adopt new technologies as the result of an economic calculation by firms, which depends on their internal characteristics and those of their competitive, industrial and local environment. This model uses data drawn from a recent national survey (“ICT and e-commerce” 2002). One of the main results is that, for a given size and sector, although there no longer are spatial inequalities in terms of ICT adoption in France, there are still important inequalities in firms’ processes of ICT appropriation and use.Internet, inter-firm and intra-firm diffusion, rank and epidemic effects, agglomeration effects, spatial inequalities

Anticipated regret and self-esteem in the Allais paradox

Our experiment aims at studying the impact of self-esteem on risk-prone choices in an Allais-type decision context using hypothetical money. We use an Internet protocol in order to reach a large heterogeneous student population sample. An anticipated regret explanation for the certainty effect implies that self-esteem is a crucial psychological variable in what concerns risky decision, but only when the choice is between a safe option and a risky option. Thus, in our experiment, we hypothesize that low self-esteem people will choose more frequently the safe option (rather than the risky-prone option) than high self-esteem people, whereas low self-esteem and high self-esteem individuals will show the same pattern of choices between two different risk-based options. Our data confirm our hypothesis. Regarding risky choices preferences, we also observe that females, non economists and older people significantly exhibit safer choice preferences than other participants. We find also that men and students in economics are more likely to conform to expected utility theory than females and other social science students respectively. We then discuss what these findings mean for economic regret theory, and suggest that a complete theory of decision-making under risk should introduce both situational and motivational explanations of individual behaviour.Allais paradox; Risk; Regret aversion; Self-esteem; Internet experiment; Gender differences

Understanding the spatial organization of agricultural co-operative groups (In French)

The processes of localization/delocalization of activities attest that space is important in firm’s strategies. Merger and acquisition contributes too modify the spatial organization of firms. This paper aims at analyzing the spatial organization at the level of groups of firms. The conceptual framework combines an analysis in terms of proximity and theories of the firm. We study the co-operative agricultural groups, which are relevant to question the territorial anchoring of the firm. Spatial indicators are proposed and mobilized at different levels of organization of the groups. Results show the importance of territorial anchoring in the strategies of co-operatives heads of the group. However, the development of big co-operative groups could lead to changes in the spatial logics facing a context of globalization.NAAgricultural cooperatives, Mutualist control, Territorial anchoring

Characteristics of qualitative and quantitative properties of chicken village in the Sub-District Lasusua, North Kolaka District

The purpose of this research is to know the characteristics of the qualitative and quantitative properties of village chicken in the Lasusua sub-district of North Kolaka district. The research was conducted in December 2018 to January 2019 in Lasusua sub-district of North Kolaka district. The variables observed in this study are qualitative and quantitative properties. The results are shown that both males and females of village chicken are dominated by colored fur colors, Columbian fur patterns, lauric fur patterns, and golden fur flicker. Color White/Yellow shank and a single shape Ginger. The average body weight of chickens 1,681.92 grams and females 1,305.45 grams. Long Shank Rooster 9.97 cm while females 8.34 cm. Tibia length 9.70 cm in males, 9.37 cm in females. The femur length is 13.07 cm in males and 11.87 cm in females. The length of the wingspan is 14.44 cm and females 12.49 cm. Male circumference 30.50 cm and female 29.59 cm. Male back length 14.17 cm and females 12.23 cm. Duration of the lung in males 1.96 cm and 1.94 cm in females

Environmental policies relating to the use of pesticides: proximities and innovations (In French)

The aim of this paper is to question the cognitive capitalism hypothesis: are the major transformations of the wage labour nexus and regime of accumulation, created a new capitalism era? A positive answer to this question then relegates to a second rank the thesis of financial capitalism. For this last thesis, the financialisation of accumulation deeply transforms the firms. This paper develops this second point of view. Our conclusion is disappointing for the cognitive capitalism hypothesis. If the production of knowledge is important for the accumulation, nevertheless this production of knowledge is subordinated to the view of global finance. Indeed, it’s this global finance who decides which are new profitable activities.Collective action, Environmental technologies, Technology diffusion, Geographical proximity, organized proximity, vine growing.

Modes of governance in the mutualist control: The case of agricultural co-operatives (In French)

This article focuses on the exercise of mutualist control from a statistical inquiry about agri-food groups. Under mutualist control, financial relations between firms are not only the concern of the influence capacity but also of the activity commitment. Illustrated by the construction of a data base, the paper highlights the necessity to take into account minority links and joint control in order to understand the clustering dynamics. The increasing of firms embeddedness during last period hides the strong power concentration into a few numbers of companies. This concentration of mutualist control which is related to a density of links, raises the problem of owner associate in a corporate governance.co-operatives, financial links, group, agri-food industry, power, joint control, governance

STUDI REAKSI HIDROGENASI SENYAWA TURUNAN FURFURAL MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS Cu/γ-Al2O3

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas katalis Cu/γ-Al2O3 pada reaksi hidrogenasi senyawa turunan furfural. Katalis Cu/γ-Al2O3 dibuat secara impregnasi basah dengan mencampurakan Cu(NO3)2.3H2O dan γ-Al2O3 dalam metanol. Kemudian dikalsinasi dan direduksi pada temperatur 550oC dan 500oC. Karakterisasi  dilakukan dengan metode difraksi sinar-X dan fluoresensi sinar-X. Reaksi hidrogenasi dilakukan dengan metode oil batch reactor autoclave pada atmosfer H2 menggunakan pelarut isopropanol. Hasil reaksi menunjukkan katalis Cu/γ-Al2O3 dapat digunakan untuk reaksi hidrogenasi. Reaksi selama 6 jam dengan temperatur 120oC menghasilkan produk 1,5-di(2-furanil)-penta-1-en-3-on sebesar 13,18% dan 1,5-di(2-furanil)-pentan-3-on sebesar 22,61% dari hasil karakterisasi menggunakan kromatografi gas. Hasil analisis menggunakan FT-IR menunjukkan peningkatan intensitas C=O keton tak terkonjugasi pada bilangan gelombang 1712,67 cm-1. Kata kunci: autoclave, Cu/γ-Al2O3, hidrogenasi, senyawa turunan furfural

The geography of French creative class: An exploratory spatial data analysis

This paper analyses the creative class geography in France, in 2006. This geography is seen here through the lens of Explanatory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA). This method brings originality to the question of creative people geography in addition to the spatial context, France, where this question hasn’t been deepened yet. Methodology allows measurement of spatial agglomeration degree and identification of creative people location patterns. First, by computing locational Gini index and Moran’s I statistic of global spatial autocorrelation. These measures provide an overview of the spatial distribution of creative people among French districts and the existence of some hotspot regions with strong dynamic of creative people accumulation. Second, Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) tools, such as Moran scatterplot and LISA statistics, allow to identify district clusters of creative people. It leads to evidence that creative people are unevenly geographically distributed across French districts. District clusters of creative occupations result from spreading of French largest cities influence.Creative class, ESDA, location patterns, spatial autocorrelation, French districts