14 research outputs found
Photodissociation of interstellar N2
Molecular nitrogen is one of the key species in the chemistry of interstellar
clouds and protoplanetary disks and the partitioning of nitrogen between N and
N2 controls the formation of more complex prebiotic nitrogen-containing
species. The aim of this work is to gain a better understanding of the
interstellar N2 photodissociation processes based on recent detailed
theoretical and experimental work and to provide accurate rates for use in
chemical models.
We simulated the full high-resolution line-by-line absorption + dissociation
spectrum of N2 over the relevant 912-1000 \AA\ wavelength range, by using a
quantum-mechanical model which solves the coupled-channels Schr\"odinger
equation. The simulated N2 spectra were compared with the absorption spectra of
H2, H, CO, and dust to compute photodissociation rates in various radiation
fields and shielding functions. The effects of the new rates in interstellar
cloud models were illustrated for diffuse and translucent clouds, a dense
photon dominated region and a protoplanetary disk.Comment: Online database: http://home.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~ewine/phot
Source of Nitrogen Isotope Anomaly in HCN in the Atmosphere of Titan
The ^(14)N/^(15)N ratio for N_2 in the atmosphere of Titan was recently measured to be a factor of 2 higher than the corresponding ratio for HCN. Using a one-dimensional photochemical model with transport, we incorporate new isotopic photoabsorption and photodissociation cross sections of N_2, computed quantum-mechanically, and show that the difference in the ratio of ^(14)N/^(15)N between N_2 and HCN can be explained primarily by the photolytic fractionation of ^(14)N^(14)N and ^(14)N ^(15)N. The [HC^(14)N]/[HC^(15)N] ratio produced by N_2 photolysis alone is 23. This value, together with the observed ratio, constrains the flux of atomic nitrogen input from the top of the atmosphere to be in the range (1-2) Ă 10^9 atoms cm^(-2) s^(-1)
Observation of a new electronic state of CO perturbing WÂčÎ 1(v=1)
We observe photoabsorption of the W(1) â X(0) band in five carbon monoxide isotopologues with a vacuum-ultraviolet Fourier-transform spectrometer and a synchrotron radiation source. We deduce transition energies, integrated cross sections, and natural linewidths of the observed rotational transitions and find a perturbation affecting these. Following a deperturbation analysis of all five isotopologues, the perturbing state is assigned to the v = 0 level of a previously unobserved (1)Î state predicted by ab initio calculations to occur with the correct symmetry and equilibrium internuclear distance. We label this new state Eâł (1)Î . Both of the interacting levels W(1) and Eâł(0) are predissociated, leading to dramatic interference effects in their corresponding linewidths.A.H. was supported by
Grant No. 648.000.002 from the Netherlands Organisation
for Scientific Research (NWO) via the Dutch Astrochemistry
Network. This research was supported by funds from National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (Grant
Nos. NNX09AC5GG to Wellesley College and NNG 06-
GG70G and NNX10AD80G to the University of Toledo),
CNRS (France), and Programme National Physico-Chimie du
Milieu Interstellaire (PCMI). L.G. and J.L.L. acknowledge
the financial support of the European Community 7th Framework
Programme (FP7/2007-2013) Marie Curie ITN under
Grant Agreement # 238258
Photodissociation and chemistry of N 2 in the circumstellar envelope of carbon-rich AGB stars
Context. The envelopes of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars are irradiated externally by ultraviolet photons; hence, the chemistry is sensitive to the photodissociation of N2 and CO, which are major reservoirs of nitrogen and carbon, respectively. The photodissociation of N2 has recently been quantified by laboratory and theoretical studies. Improvements have also been made for CO photodissociation. Aims. For the first time, we use accurate N2 and CO photodissociation rates and shielding functions in a model of the circumstellar envelope of the carbon-rich AGB star, IRC +10216. Methods. We use a state-of-the-art chemical model of an AGB envelope, the latest CO and N2 photodissociation data, and a new method for implementing molecular shielding functions in full spherical geometry with isotropic incident radiation. We compare computed column densities and radial distributions of molecules with observations. Results. The transition of N2â N (also, CO â C â C+) is shifted towards the outer envelope relative to previous models. This leads to different column densities and radial distributions of N-bearing species, especially those species whose formation/destruction processes largely depend on the availability of atomic or molecular nitrogen, for example, CnN (n = 1, 3, 5), CnNâ (n = 1, 3, 5), HCnN (n = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9), H2CN and CH2CN. Conclusions. The chemistry of many species is directly or indirectly affected by the photodissociation of N2 and CO, especially in the outer shell of AGB stars where photodissociation is important. Thus, it is important to include N2 and CO shielding in astrochemical models of AGB envelopes and other irradiated environments. In general, while differences remain between our model of IRC +10216 and the observed molecular column densities, better agreement is found between the calculated and observed radii of peak abundance
Indirect predissociation of highly excited singlet states of Nâ
Indirect predissociation of the bâČÂčÎŁuâș(v = 20) level of Nâ is studied experimentally by vacuum-ultraviolet photoabsorption employing synchrotron radiation and a Fourier-transform spectrometer, and interpreted with the aid of a quantitative model of interacting Âčâu and ÂčÎŁuâș, bound and unbound states which solves the coupled Schrödinger equation. An observed rotationally-localised peak in the bâČ(20) predissociation linewidths is identified by the model as arising from an interaction with a strongly predissociated and unobserved bound level of the mixed câ Âčâu and oâ Âčâu Rydberg states. This leads to the dissociation of bâČ(20) into the continuum of the b Âčâu valence state. The residual observed predissociation of bâČ ÂčÎŁuâș(v = 20) apart from the rotationally-localised peak cannot be explained by a mechanism of Âčâu and ÂčÎŁuâș interaction, and must involve states of higher multiplicity.A. H. was supported by grant number 648.000.002 from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research
(NWO) via the Dutch Astrochemistry Network. Calculations of the N2 photodissociation cross sections were
supported by the Australian Research Council Discovery Program, through Grant Nos. DP0558962 and
DP0773050. G. S. was supported by NASA grant NNX08AE78G to Wellesley College
VUVâVIS FT spectroscopy of the rare 13C18O isotopologue of carbon monoxide: Analysis of the A1Î (v = 1) multiply-perturbed level
Ro-vibronic spectra of the 13C18O carbon monoxide isotopologue were obtained with (i) emission spectroscopy in the visible region using a Bruker IFS 125HR spectrometer (University of RzeszĂłw) and (ii) vacuum-ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy using the wave-front-division spectrometer on the DESIRS beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron. A deperturbation analysis of the 13C18O A1Î (v = 1) level was conducted from 598 observed transitions from the B1ÎŁ+ - A1Î (0, 1), C1ÎŁ+ - A1Î (0, 1), A1Î - X1ÎŁ+(1, 0), B1ÎŁ+ - X1ÎŁ+(0, 0), C1ÎŁ+ - X1ÎŁ+(0, 0), I1ÎŁâ - X1ÎŁ+(2, 0) bands and five further nominally forbidden bands. An effective Hamiltonian and term-value fitting analysis was implemented. Consequently, 135 parameters were floated: 23 molecular parameters, including molecular constants for A1Î (v = 1), I1ÎŁâ(v = 2), d3Î(v = 6), e3ÎŁâ(v = 3) and D1Î(v = 1); rotation-electronic (L-uncoupling) mixing of A1Î (v = 1) ⌠[D1Î(v = 1), I1ÎŁâ(v = 1), I1ÎŁâ(v = 2)] and spinâorbit interaction parameters for A1Î (v = 1) ⌠[d3Î(v = 6), e3ÎŁâ(v = 3), aÊč3ÎŁ+(v = 11)]; the spinâorbit/spin-electronic/L-uncoupling a3Î (v = 12) ⌠d3Î(v = 5) and spinâorbit a3Î (v = 12) ⌠[D1Î(v = 1), I1ÎŁâ(v = 2)] perturbation parameters; as well as 112 ro-vibronic term values of B1ÎŁ+(v = 0) up to J = 50 and C1ÎŁ+(v = 0) up to J = 60. The significant, indirect a3Î (v = 12) ⌠[e3ÎŁâ(v = 2, 3), d3Î(v = 5, 6)] ⌠A1Î (v = 1) spinâorbit/spin-electronic/L-uncoupling interaction and a3Î (v = 12) ⌠[I1ÎŁâ(v = 2), D1Î(v = 1)] ⌠A1Î (v = 1) spinâorbit/L-uncoupling interaction were detected and analysed. Thus, this study, using modern experimental methods and deperturbation analysis, leads to a much improved description in terms of molecular constants and interaction parameters, compared to previous studies of the A1Î (v = 1) energy region in the 13C18O isotopologue. This research is a continuation of the studies on the A1Î state and its numerous perturbers in the CO isotopologues made by our team
High-resolution study of oscillator strengths and predissociation rates for <sup>13</sup>C<sup>18</sup>O
International audienceWe carried out experiments at the SOLEIL synchrotron facility to acquire data for modelling CO photochemistry in the vacuum ultraviolet. We report oscillator strengths and predissociation rates for four vibrational bands associated with transitions from the v = 0 level of the X1 Σ+ ground state to the v = 0â3 vibrational levels of the core excited W1Î Rydberg state, and for three overlapping bands associated with the 4pÏ, 5pÏ, and 5pÏ Rydberg states between 92.9 and 93.4 nm in 13C18O. These results complete those obtained in the same conditions for 12C16O, 13C16O, and 12C18O recently published by us, and extend the development of a comprehensive database of line positions, oscillator strengths, and linewidths of photodissociating transitions for CO isotopologues. Absorption spectra were recorded using the Vacuum UltraViolet Fourier Transform Spectrometer (VUV-FTS) installed on the DichroĂŻsme Et Spectroscopie par Interaction avec le Rayonnement Synchrotron (DESIRS) beamline at SOLEIL. The resolving power of the measurements, R = 300 000 to 400â000, allows the analysis of individual line strengths and widths within the bands. Gas column densities in the differentially pumped system were calibrated using the B-X (0â0) band at 115.1 nm in 13C18O
Experimental and Coupled-channels Investigation of the Radiative Properties of the N2 c4 (sup 1)Sigma+(sub u) - X (sup 1)Sigma+(sub g) Band System
The emission properties of the N2 c(sup prime)(sub 4) (sup 1)Sigma+(sub u) - Chi (sup 1)Sigma+(sub g) band system have been investigated in a joint experimental and coupled-channels theoretical study. Relative intensities of the c(sup prime)(sub 4) (sup 1)Sigma+(sub u)(0) - Chi (sup 1)Sigma+(sub g)(v(sub i)) transitions, measured via electron-impact-induced emission spectroscopy, are combined with a coupled-channel Schroedinger equation (CSE) model of the N2 molecule, enabling determination of the diabatic electronic transition moment for the c(sup prime)(sub 4) (sup 1)Sigma+(sub u) - Chi (sup 1)Sigma+(sub g) system as a function of internuclear distance. The CSE probabilities are further verified by comparison with a high-resolution experimental spectrum. Spontaneous transition probabilities of the c(sup prime)(sub 4) (sup 1)Sigma+(sub u) - Chi (sup 1)Sigma+(sub g) modeling atmospheric emission, can now be calculated reliably