Clinico-pathological profile of bronchogenic carcinoma cases presented to Chest Department, Cairo University in the last 10 years

Introduction: Lung cancer was the most commonly diagnosed cancer as well as the leading cause of cancer death in males in 2008 globally. Aim of the work: To evaluate the clinico-pathological profile of the bronchogenic carcinoma cases in the Chest Department, Cairo University. Patients and methods: Retrospective study was carried out in the Chest Department, Cairo University, in which four hundred and four confirmed cases of bronchogenic carcinoma were admitted during July 2002 till July 2012. Data regarding demographics, smoking, histology, clinical presentation, radiographic findings are reported. Results: Our study included 404 confirmed cases of bronchogenic carcinoma. Male to female ratio was 4.6:1. The highest incidence was in the sixth and seventh decades of life (63.6%). Smoking was found to be the main risk factor in 75.7% of patients. Cough was the most common symptom found in 347 patients (85.9%), followed by dyspnea in 276 patients (68.3%). Most common radiological finding was mass lesion (49.8%). Majority of cases were diagnosed by bronchoscopy (68.1%). Four types of bronchogenic carcinoma were found: squamous cell carcinoma 37.4% adenocarcinoma 29.5%, small cell carcinoma 14.9%, large cell carcinoma 7.2% and undifferentiated carcinoma 11.1%. In females, adenocarcinoma was the predominant cell type (54.2%) while in males, squamous cell carcinoma was the predominant cell type (42.5%). Conclusion: Bronchogenic carcinoma is more frequent beyond the middle age. Smoking is still the major risk factor. Adenocarcinoma is more common in females and was the most frequent tumor in non-smokers, while in males, squamous cell carcinoma is still the predominant cell type

Factors affecting bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Background: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) refers to the inflammatory lung condition that results from inhalation of various (mostly organic) antigens leading to development of lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis. Pathogenesis of the disease is not fully understood and identification and removal of the causative agents remains the cornerstone of treatment and a major determinant of prognosis. Bronchoscopy and BAL can be used to characterize alveolitis and inflammatory cells infiltrate assuming to have a main role inthe pathogenesis of the disease process. Aim : to improve the characterization of alveolitis in HP on a number of patients with well-defined stages of disease activity and to assess the frequency of cellularity, CD4 and CD8 alveolitis. Subjects and methods: 88 HP cases diagnosed by thorough history, clinical examination, HRCT (with scoring system for each radiological pattern), spi rometry, and FOB with BAL for cellularity and flowcytometry (FCM) to determine CD4/CD8 ratio.Results: The mean total cell count (TCC)/cmm was (397±241) in subacute cases and (247±291) in chronic cases with statistically significant difference P-value 0.002. Mean lymphocytes percent was (45±19%) in subacute cases and 39±20% in chronic cases with no statistically significant value.  &nbsp

Reimagining Children’s Rights in the US

ImportanceThe US faces a pivotal moment of opportunity and risk regarding issues affecting children (aged 0-17 years). Although the US remains the only United Nations member state to not have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), a child rights framework is essential for child health professionals seeking to advance many issues affecting children in the US. The Reimagining Children's Rights project (2020-2021) conducted an in-depth environmental scan of relevant literature and policy analysis using the Three Horizons design process to assess strategies that could advance the rights and well-being of children in the US. The project was overseen by a steering committee and informed by an advisory committee composed of youth leaders and experts in children's rights, advocacy, health, law, and a range of child-specific issues (eg, youth justice, early childhood development), who provided expert input on strategic considerations for advancing children's rights.ObservationsSeven findings about advancing children's rights in the US are notable, all reflecting current gaps and opportunities for using a whole-child rights framework in the US, even without formal adoption of the CRC. Actionable strategies, tactics, and tools to leverage sustainable change in the multitude of issue areas can advance the current state of children's rights. High-potential strategies for catalyzing advancement of children's rights include youth activism, innovations in governance and accountability, legislative action, impact litigation, place-based initiatives, education and public awareness, alignment with other children's movements, and research. The child rights framework is unifying and adaptive to future unforeseen challenges.Conclusions and relevanceChildren's rights provide a powerful, synergistic framework for child health professionals-in partnership with youth and other leaders-to increase equity and protect the rights and well-being of all children in the US