Navigieren

Prof. Dr. Jens Schröter, Christoph Borbach, Max Kanderske und Prof. Dr. Benjamin Beil sind Herausgeber der Reihe. Die Herausgeber*innen der einzelnen Hefte sind renommierte Wissenschaftler*innen aus dem In- und Ausland.Navigieren ist längst kein Unikum professionalisierter Seefahrer:innen mehr, sondern als Smartphone- und Browser-Praktik fester Bestandteil des vernetzten digitalen Alltags. Da Wegfindungen durch On- und Offline-Räume navigationsspezifische Formen von Medienkompetenz voraussetzen und hervorbringen, fordern sie die Intensivierung der medienkulturwissenschaftlichen Beschäftigung mit den situierten und technisierten Medienpraktiken der Navigation geradezu heraus. Die Ausgabe nimmt diesen Befund zum Anlass, polyperspektivische Zugänge zum »Navigieren« vorzustellen. Die körper-, kultur- und medientechnischen Facetten des Navigierens stehen dabei ebenso im Fokus wie ihre historischen Ausgestaltungen, die Arbeit am und im Datenmaterial von Navigationsmedien und die Theoretisierung postdigitaler Sensor-Medien-Kulturen, die dem Umstand Rechnung trägt, dass es nicht allein Daten, Dinge und Körper sind, die es zu navigieren gilt, sondern zunehmend nicht-menschliche Akteure selbst zielgerichtete Raumdurchquerungen praktizieren. Fehlte es in der (deutschsprachigen) Medienkulturwissenschaft bislang an einer Bündelung heterogener navigationsspezifischer Forschungsarbeiten, gibt diese Ausgabe einen Überblick über das Feld, seine Forscher:innen und Fragestellungen. Denn trotz des Spatial Turns in den Humanities und der gegenwärtigen Konjunktur geomedialer Arbeiten, scheint die synthetisierende Fokussierung auf Medien und Praktiken des Navigierens in historischer, ethnografischer, technischer und theoretischer Perspektive bislang ein Desiderat darzustellen.Navigation is no longer unique to the context of professional seafaring, but has become an integral part of networked digital everyday life enabled through smartphones and web browsers. Indeed, finding one’s way through online and offline spaces increasingly presupposes and produces specific forms of media competence one could call »navigational«. In this, a ›media cultural studies‹ perspective on the situated and ›technologized‹ media practices of navigation becomes imperative to understanding the contemporary media landscape. Issue 1/22 of Navigationen answers this call by presenting polyperspectival approaches to »navigating«. The contributions discuss the bodily, cultural, and media-technical facets of navigation, as well as its historical forms, the work on and in the data produced by and with navigational media, and the theorization of post-digital ›sensor media cultures‹. In doing so, the issue acknowledges that not only do data, things, and bodies need to be ›navigated‹ in the context of logistics, but that the increasingly autonomous wayfinding processes of non-human actors change the notion of navigation itself. As (German language) media cultural studies has so far lacked a convincing compilation of heterogeneous approaches to studying navigation, this issue provides an overview of the field, its researchers and questions. Despite the spatial turn in the humanities and a recent surge in geomedia studies, an approach towards the media and practices of navigation that combines historical, ethnographic, technical and theoretical perspectives, has remained a desideratum until now. The issue fills this gap

Low omega-6 vs. low omega-6 plus high omega-3 dietary intervention for Chronic Daily Headache: Protocol for a randomized clinical trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Targeted analgesic dietary interventions are a promising strategy for alleviating pain and improving quality of life in patients with persistent pain syndromes, such as chronic daily headache (CDH). High intakes of the omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) may promote physical pain by increasing the abundance, and subsequent metabolism, of LA and AA in immune and nervous system tissues. Here we describe methodology for an ongoing randomized clinical trial comparing the metabolic and clinical effects of a low n-6, average n-3 PUFA diet, to the effects of a low n-6 plus high n-3 PUFA diet, in patients with CDH. Our primary aim is to determine if: A) both diets reduce n-6 PUFAs in plasma and erythrocyte lipid pools, compared to baseline; and B) the low n-6 plus high n-3 diet produces a greater decline in n-6 PUFAs, compared to the low n-6 diet alone. Secondary clinical outcomes include headache-specific quality-of-life, and headache frequency and intensity.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Adults meeting the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria for CDH are included. After a 6-week baseline phase, participants are randomized to a low n-6 diet, or a low n-6 plus high n-3 diet, for 12 weeks. Foods meeting nutrient intake targets are provided for 2 meals and 2 snacks per day. A research dietitian provides intensive dietary counseling at 2-week intervals. Web-based intervention materials complement dietitian advice. Blood and clinical outcome data are collected every 4 weeks.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Subject recruitment and retention has been excellent; 35 of 40 randomized participants completed the 12-week intervention. Preliminary blinded analysis of composite data from the first 20 participants found significant reductions in erythrocyte n-6 LA, AA and %n-6 in HUFA, and increases in n-3 EPA, DHA and the omega-3 index, indicating adherence.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/(NCT01157208)">(NCT01157208)</a></p

IMI : global trends in myopia management attitudes and strategies in clinical practice : 2022 update

PURPOSE. Surveys in 2015 and 2019 identified a high level of eye care practitioner concern/activity about myopia, but the majority still prescribed single vision interventions to young myopes. This research aimed to provide updated information. METHODS. A self-administered, internet-based questionnaire was distributed in 13 languages, through professional bodies to eye care practitioners globally. The questions examined awareness of increasing myopia prevalence, perceived efficacy and adoption of available strategies, and reasons for not adopting specific strategies. RESULTS. Of the 3195 respondents, practitioners’ concern about the increasing frequency of pediatric myopia in their practices differed between continents (P < 0.001), being significantly higher in Asia (9.0 ± 1.5 of 10) than other continents (range 7.7–8.2; P ≤ 0.001). Overall, combination therapy was perceived by practitioners to be the most effective method of myopia control, followed by orthokeratology and pharmaceutical approaches. The least effective perceived methods were single vision distance undercorrection, spectacles and contact lenses, as well as bifocal spectacles. Practitioners rated their activity in myopia control between (6.6 ± 2.9 in South America to 7.9 ± 1.2/2.2 in Australasia and Asia). Single-vision spectacles are still the most prescribed option for progressing young myopia (32.2%), but this has decreased since 2019, and myopia control spectacles (15.2%), myopia control contact lenses (8.7%) and combination therapy (4.0%) are growing in popularity. CONCLUSIONS. More practitioners across the globe are practicing myopia control, but there are still significant differences between and within continents. Practitioners reported that embracing myopia control enhanced patient loyalty, increasing practice revenue and improving job satisfaction

Australian Aboriginal Ethnometeorology and Seasonal Calendars

This paper uses a cultural anthropological approach to investigate an indigenous Australian perspective on atmospheric phenomena and seasons, using data gained from historical records and ethnographic fieldwork. Aboriginal people believe that the forces driving the weather are derived from Creation Ancestors and spirits, asserting that short term changes are produced through ritual. By recognizing signals such as wind direction, rainfall, temperature change, celestial movements, animal behaviour and the flowering of plants, Aboriginal people are able to divide the year into seasons. Indigenous calendars vary widely across Australia and reflect annual changes within Aboriginal lifestyles

Refinement and Pattern Formation in Neural Circuits by the Interaction of Traveling Waves with Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity

Traveling waves in the developing brain are a prominent source of highly correlated spiking activity that may instruct the refinement of neural circuits. A candidate mechanism for mediating such refinement is spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP), which translates correlated activity patterns into changes in synaptic strength. To assess the potential of these phenomena to build useful structure in developing neural circuits, we examined the interaction of wave activity with STDP rules in simple, biologically plausible models of spiking neurons. We derive an expression for the synaptic strength dynamics showing that, by mapping the time dependence of STDP into spatial interactions, traveling waves can build periodic synaptic connectivity patterns into feedforward circuits with a broad class of experimentally observed STDP rules. The spatial scale of the connectivity patterns increases with wave speed and STDP time constants. We verify these results with simulations and demonstrate their robustness to likely sources of noise. We show how this pattern formation ability, which is analogous to solutions of reaction-diffusion systems that have been widely applied to biological pattern formation, can be harnessed to instruct the refinement of postsynaptic receptive fields. Our results hold for rich, complex wave patterns in two dimensions and over several orders of magnitude in wave speeds and STDP time constants, and they provide predictions that can be tested under existing experimental paradigms. Our model generalizes across brain areas and STDP rules, allowing broad application to the ubiquitous occurrence of traveling waves and to wave-like activity patterns induced by moving stimuli

Global patient outcomes after elective surgery: prospective cohort study in 27 low-, middle- and high-income countries.

BACKGROUND: As global initiatives increase patient access to surgical treatments, there remains a need to understand the adverse effects of surgery and define appropriate levels of perioperative care. METHODS: We designed a prospective international 7-day cohort study of outcomes following elective adult inpatient surgery in 27 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital complications. Secondary outcomes were death following a complication (failure to rescue) and death in hospital. Process measures were admission to critical care immediately after surgery or to treat a complication and duration of hospital stay. A single definition of critical care was used for all countries. RESULTS: A total of 474 hospitals in 19 high-, 7 middle- and 1 low-income country were included in the primary analysis. Data included 44 814 patients with a median hospital stay of 4 (range 2-7) days. A total of 7508 patients (16.8%) developed one or more postoperative complication and 207 died (0.5%). The overall mortality among patients who developed complications was 2.8%. Mortality following complications ranged from 2.4% for pulmonary embolism to 43.9% for cardiac arrest. A total of 4360 (9.7%) patients were admitted to a critical care unit as routine immediately after surgery, of whom 2198 (50.4%) developed a complication, with 105 (2.4%) deaths. A total of 1233 patients (16.4%) were admitted to a critical care unit to treat complications, with 119 (9.7%) deaths. Despite lower baseline risk, outcomes were similar in low- and middle-income compared with high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS: Poor patient outcomes are common after inpatient surgery. Global initiatives to increase access to surgical treatments should also address the need for safe perioperative care. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN5181700

Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

Contains fulltext : 172380.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access

Private Journeys on Public Maps: A Look at Inscribed Road Maps

The exchange of gestural and sketch maps remains one of the mostcommon uses of cartographic representation, despite the fact thatprinted maps—and now, their digital and broadcast counterparts—areall around us. Common sense supports this assertion, but precious littlehistorical scholarship has addressed the history or nature of ephemeral,informal, or private cartography in modern print cultures. This paperexamines twentieth-century American road maps and mapping practicesthat lie on the cusp between the manuscript and the printed, thepublic and the private. These practices prompt a reconsideration of theusefulness of these distinctions in the history of cartography and of thetraditional emphasis on the end-products of the cartographic processover the use, both public and private, of maps