Developing a Virtual Appliance to Simulate Broken Networks

The objective of this thesis is to develop a virtual appliance that will simulate broken networks. A virtual appliance is a ready-to-use server that can be run on a virtualization platform. This thesis was commissioned by HowNetWorks Oy. HowNetWorks is a startup based in Oulu and Helsinki, Finland, developing tools to measure networks in ways that most tests do not. The objective of this appliance is therefore to simulate the network properties that HowNetWorks is testing, to help their development. The appliance, called hnwProxy, is created using infrastructure-as-code methodologies. This can be downloaded from GitHub at github.com/hownetworks/hnwproxy. Infrastructure-as-code is a new paradigm in infrastructure management, using practices from software engineering along with automation tools to create higher quality, more reliable and higher performing systems. The theoretical background of this thesis consists of network quality and infrastructure as code. Network quality describes what factors affect the quality of a connection, i.e. what we can simu-late with hnwProxy. For infrastructure-as-code, the book Infrastructure as Code by Kief Morris is used almost exclusively as reference. Network quality is more dispersed. There is no single book about the topic, the most used reference is Kurose & Ross’s Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach. This covers computer networking quite exhaustively, but further references for more niche or loosely related topics are still needed. The result of this thesis is the virtual appliance, hnwProxy. This can simulate a broken network connection is several different ways and can run on a few different virtualization platforms, so it has met all requirements.Opinnäytetyön tavoite on kehittää sovellus, joka simuloi rikkinäistä verkkoyhteyttä. Aihe tuli toimeksiantajalta, HowNetWorks Oy:ltä. HowNetWorks on suomalainen startup-yritys, joka on kehittämässä verkon testaustyökaluja ominaisuuksille mitä perinteiset testit eivät testaa. Sovelluksen nimi on hnwProxy. Kyseessä on virtual appliance, eli käyttövalmis virtuaalipalvelin jonka kuka tahansa saa vapaasti ladattua. Tämä löytyy GitHub:sta osoitteesta github.com/hownetworks/hnwproxy. hnwProxy on kehitetty infrastruktuuri koodina -menetelmillä avoimen lähdekoodin lisenssillä. Infrastruktuuri koodina on uusi ajattelutapa palvelininfrastruktuurin hallinnassa, jossa pyritään käyttämään automaatiotyökaluja ja ohjelmistokehityksestä tuttuja menetelmiä järjestelmän laadun parantamiseksi. Teoriaosuudessa esitellään verkkojen laatutekijät sekä infrastruktuuri koodina. Tässä ensimmäisessä luvussa pyritään selvittämään mitkä asiat vaikuttavat verkkoyhteyden laatuun, eli mitä hnwProxy tulee simuloimaan. Infrastruktuuri koodina -luvussa on käytössä aihetta laajasti katta-va, Kief Morrisin kirjoittama, Infrastructure as Code kirja lähteenä. Verkkojen Laatutekijät -luvussa käytetään monta eri lähdettä, näistä kattavin on Kurose & Rossin Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach. Lopputulos on palvelinjärjestelmä joka täyttää projektin alussa asetetut vaatimukset. hnwProxy pystyy simuloimaan erilaisia rikkinäisiä verkkoja, ja sitä voidaan käyttää useammassa eri virtuali-sointialustassa

[I]Effect of space weather disturbances on the high-latitude ionosphere

The Tenth Symposium on Polar Science/Ordinary sessions: [OS] Space and upper atmospheric sciences, Wed. 4 Dec. / Institute of Statistics and Mathematics (ISM) Seminar room 2 (D304) (3rd floor

Magnetospheric signatures of ionospheric density cavities observed by cluster

AJBR ackowledges support from STFC under consolidated grant ST/K000993/1.We present Cluster measurements of large amplitude electric fields corre- lated with intense downward field-aligned currents, observed during a nightside crossing of the auroral zone. The data are reproduced by a simple model of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling which, under different conditions, can also produce a divergent electric field signature in the downward current region, or correlation between the electric and perturbed magnetic fields. We conclude that strong electric field associated with intense downward field-aligned current, such as this observation, is a signature of ionospheric plasma depletion caused by the downward current. It is also shown that the electric field in the downward current region correlates with downward current density if a background field is present, e.g. due to magnetospheric convection.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Keveyttä tarjottimelle : Varusmiesten ostohalukkuus kevyempiin tuotteisiin Sodankylän sotilaskodissa

Opinnäytetyössä käsitellään Sodankylän sotilaskodin myyntituotteiden kehit-tämistä kyselylomakkeen avulla. Opinnäytetyön pohjana on VARU- interventio tutkimus. Projektin tarkoituksena oli saada tietoa nuorten miesten terveydestä, ruokailutottumuksista, niihin vaikuttavista käsityksistä ja lisätä terveellisen ruoan tarjontaa varuskunnissa niin, että mausta ja ulkonäöstä ei tarvitsisi tinkiä. Sodankylän sotilaskoti osallistui projektiin. Tässä opinnäytetyössä selvitetään varusmiesten omia näkemyksiä ostopäätös tottumuksista Sodankylän sotilaskodissa. Työ selvittää millaisia tottumuksia varusmiehet omaavat, mistä tuotteista he pitävät ja haluavatko he terveellisempiä tuotteita. Työssä käsitellään varus-miesten syömistottumuksista aikaisemmin tehtyjä tutkimuksia kansantervey-dellisistä näkökulmista, sekä Sodankylän jääkäriprikaatin varusmiehille tehtyä kyselylomaketta. Materiaalina kerättiin haastattelemalla, tutkimalla aiempia tutkimuksia ja ai-neiston keruulla. Työ sisältää kahden työntekijän haastattelun, haastattelun aiheena oli VARU- projektin merkityksestä sotilaskotiin. Varusmiehiä haasta-teltiin kyselylomakkeella, vastaajia kyselyssä oli 103.Tuloksista selvisi, että sotilaskodin palveluita käytetään säännöllisesti. Suurin osa vastaajista ei kai-vannut terveellisimpiä tuotteita. Suosituimpiin tuotteisiin lukeutuivat kahvi ja munkki.This thesis tackles the subject of merchandise development of Sodankylä Service Club. The base used for this thesis is the VARU (nutrition of servicemen) intervention research. The purpose of the VARU project was to increase knowledge about young men’s health, their eating habits and ideas affecting them and to add healthy food options in garrisons without compromising taste or presentation. Sodankylä service club took part in the project. This thesis clarifies the servicemen’s own point of views of their purchasing habits in the Sodankylä Service Club. This thesis reveals the habits of servicemen, the kind of products they like and whether they would like to have healthier products. Prior studies on ser-vicemen’s eating habits made from the public health perspective as well as a questionnaire made for the servicemen of Sodankylä Jaeger Brigade are discussed in this thesis. Material was collected by interviewing, studying earlier researches and by collecting material. This thesis contains two employee interview, interview subject was VARU- project importance for Sodankylä service club. Servicemen’s were interviewed by questionnaire, there was 103 answers in total. The results showed that the services of the service club are used regularly. The majority of respondents did not wish to have healthier products. The most popular products were coffee and Finnish doughnuts

IMF effect on sporadic-E layers at two northern polar cap sites: Part I ? Statistical study

International audienceIn this paper we investigate the relationship between polar cap sporadic-E layers and the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) using a 2-year database from Longyearbyen (75.2 CGM Lat, Svalbard) and Thule (85.4 CGM Lat, Greenland). It is found that the MLT distributions of sporadic-E occurrence are different at the two stations, but both are related to the IMF orientation. This relationship, however, changes from the centre of the polar cap to its border. Layers are more frequent during positive By at both stations. This effect is particularly strong in the central polar cap at Thule, where a weak effect associated with Bz is also observed, with positive Bz correlating with a higher occurrence of Es. Close to the polar cap boundary, at Longyearbyen, the By effect is weaker than at Thule. On the other hand, Bz plays there an equally important role as By, with negative Bz correlating with the Es occurrence. Since Es layers can be created by electric fields at high latitudes, a possible explanation for the observations is that the layers are produced by the polar cap electric field controlled by the IMF. Using electric field estimates calculated by means of the statistical APL convection model from IMF observations, we find that the diurnal distributions of sporadic-E occurrence can generally be explained in terms of the electric field mechanism. However, other factors must be considered to explain why more layers occur during positive than during negative By and why the Bz dependence of layer occurrence in the central polar cap is different from that at the polar cap boundary

Pulmonary nitric oxide in preterm and term infants with respiratory failure

AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate pulmonary endogenous and inhaled nitric oxide (NO) in neonates with severe respiratory failure.Infant autopsy documents were reviewed for fulminant early-onset bacterial pneumonia. 12 infants with the onset at Of the autopsied infants, 12 had received inhaled NO (iNO) before death. Each case was paired with a matched control. Additional five infants without respiratory failure prior to death were also studied. The iNO-treated ones tended to have more intensive NOS2 staining in the bronchiolar epithelium and adjacent tissue than the controls. No differences in other NOS isoforms or nitrotyrosine were detected.A novel method for exhaled NO measurements of intubated infants was developed. Six preterm and six term newborns were prospectively recruited for expired and nasal NO measurements. During the first week of life, the preterm infants showed a different pattern of exhaled NO excretion compared to the term infants.For the pilot intervention study on very early iNO, the eligible patients had a birth weight Deficient production of NO in small premature infants is associated with severe infection and respiratory failure. Very early iNO therapy may be exceptionally effective in a select group of infants, and did not appear to cause oxidation lung injury.Academic Dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, for public discussion in the Auditorium L12 of the Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Oulu, on November 1st, 2002, at 12 noon.Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate pulmonary endogenous and inhaled nitric oxide (NO) in neonates with severe respiratory failure. Infant autopsy documents were reviewed for fulminant early-onset bacterial pneumonia. 12 infants with the onset at < 72 h of age and three control groups were identified. Immunohistochemistry revealed that 11 of the infants with early-onset pneumonia (92%) had no or faint inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) staining in their alveolar macrophages (AM). All control infants, regardless of their postnatal age, had NOS2-positive AM. The marker of NO-toxicity, nitrotyrosine, was low in all specimens. To confirm this finding, airway specimens of 21 newborns requiring mechanical ventilation were examined. Seven of them had fulminant early-onset pneumonia with maternal ascending intra-uterine infection (IUI). The controls had no infection at birth despite IUI or neither infection nor IUI. In early-onset pneumonia, NOS2 and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity were low at birth and increased during the recovery phase (p < 0.05). Analyses of interleukin-1 and surfactant protein A showed the same pattern of age-dependent change. Of the autopsied infants, 12 had received inhaled NO (iNO) before death. Each case was paired with a matched control. Additional five infants without respiratory failure prior to death were also studied. The iNO-treated ones tended to have more intensive NOS2 staining in the bronchiolar epithelium and adjacent tissue than the controls. No differences in other NOS isoforms or nitrotyrosine were detected. A novel method for exhaled NO measurements of intubated infants was developed. Six preterm and six term newborns were prospectively recruited for expired and nasal NO measurements. During the first week of life, the preterm infants showed a different pattern of exhaled NO excretion compared to the term infants. For the pilot intervention study on very early iNO, the eligible patients had a birth weight < 1500 g and progressive, therapy-resistant respiratory failure before five hours of age. Five infants received iNO, showed immediately improved oxygenation and survived without deleterious side effects. Deficient production of NO in small premature infants is associated with severe infection and respiratory failure. Very early iNO therapy may be exceptionally effective in a select group of infants, and did not appear to cause oxidation lung injury