Satellite and Oceanographic Observations of the Warm Coastal Current in the Chukchi Sea

Selected infrared images obtained by the NOAA satellites have increased our understanding of the formation and extent of the Alaskan Coastal Current, a movement of relatively warm water from the vicinity of Bering Strait northward along the Alaskan coast past Point Barrow and eventually into the Arctic Ocean where it disperses. Oceanographic measurements made from an icebreaker during the same period give spot checks on the depth of the warm layer, as well as the outline of a downward trend of the current when it is blocked by the ice. A study of satellite and oceanographic observations over a seven-year period, 1974-1980, reveals many interesting features of the flow and shows the annual variability. The northward flow and the shape of the ice edge are interrelated in that the flow is partially blocked by the ice and the ice is melted by the oncoming warm water. The solar-heated waters in Kotzebue Sound, Norton Sound, and along the coast to the south are seen as a major source of the heat in the coastal current.Key words: satellite, infrared, temperature, current, ice edge, eddies, oceanography, Chukchi Sea, Bering StraitMots clés: satellite, infra-rouge, température, courant, bord de la glace, remous, océanographie, mer Chukchi, détroit de Bérin

Ice Spirals off Barrow as Seen by Satellite

An eddy-like feature, similar to ones observed in the Kamchatka Current, has been observed off the Alaskan coast near Barrow at the boundary of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas by the NOAA-5 satellite and radar imaging. Broken ice in the area was carried into a spiral pattern by complex current actions. Possible mechanisms for this phenomenon, including encounters between the Alaskan Coastal Current and the Beaufort Sea Gyre, local bathymetry, or sidewall friction effects caused by Point Barrow, are discussed

The Barents and Chukchi Seas: Comparison of two Arctic shelf ecosystems

This paper compares and contrasts the ecosystems of the Barents and Chukchi Seas. Despite their similarity in a number of features, the Barents Sea supports a vast biomass of commercially important fish, but the Chukchi does not. Here we examine a number of aspects of these two seas to ascertain how they are similar and how they differ. We then indentify processes and mechanisms that may be responsible for their similarities and differences.Both the Barents and Chukchi Seas are high latitude, seasonally ice covered, Arctic shelf-seas. Both have strongly advective regimes, and receive water from the south. Water entering the Barents comes from the deep, ice-free and "warm" Norwegian Sea, and contains not only heat, but also a rich supply of zooplankton that supports larval fish in spring. In contrast, Bering Sea water entering the Chukchi in spring and early summer is cold. In spring, this Bering Sea water is depleted of large, lipid-rich zooplankton, thus likely resulting in a relatively low availability of zooplankton for fish. Although primary production on average is similar in the two seas, fish biomass density is an order of magnitude greater in the Barents than in the Chukchi Sea. The Barents Sea supports immense fisheries, whereas the Chukchi Sea does not. The density of cetaceans in the Barents Sea is about double that in the Chukchi Sea, as is the density of nesting seabirds, whereas, the density of pinnipeds in the Chukchi is about double that in the Barents Sea. In the Chukchi Sea, export of carbon to the benthos and benthic biomass may be greater. We hypothesize that the difference in fish abundance in the two seas is driven by differences in the heat and plankton advected into them, and the amount of primary production consumed in the upper water column. However, we suggest that the critical difference between the Chukchi and Barents Seas is the pre-cooled water entering the Chukchi Sea from the south. This cold water, and the winter mixing of the Chukchi Sea as it becomes ice covered, result in water temperatures below the physiological limits of the commercially valuable fish that thrive in the southeastern Bering Sea. If climate change warms the Barents Sea, thereby increasing the open water area via reducing ice cover, productivity at most trophic levels is likely to increase. In the Chukchi, warming should also reduce sea ice cover, permitting a longer production season. However, the shallow northern Bering and Chukchi Seas are expected to continue to be ice-covered in winter, so water there will continue to be cold in winter and spring, and is likely to continue to be a barrier to the movement of temperate fish into the Chukchi Sea. Thus, it is unlikely that large populations of boreal fish species will become established in this Arctic marginal sea. © 2012 Elsevier B.V

En innovativ studie för Avancerade Kliniska Sjukskötaren

Denna studie har gjorts till Norrlands läns landsting (NLL). Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur sjukskötarens arbetsroll skiljer sig från avancerade kliniska sjukskötarens arbetsroll vid Övertorneå kommuns vårdcentral. Frågeställningen till utredningsarbete var. Hur kan Avancerade Kliniska Sjukskötarrollen (AKS) utvecklas för att förbättra och trygga patientens vårdkontakt? Vad är skillnaden i patient dokumentationen hos sjukskötaren och avancerade kliniska sjukskötarens mottagning? Metoden som användes var innehållsanalys med kvantitativ och kvalitativ ansats. Datainsamlingsmetoden var dokument som en sjukskötare och en AKS har samlat i tio veckor från Övertorneå, NLL. Data analyserades som innehållsanalys genom att jämföra skillnaderna i arbetsuppgifter mellan (S) och (AKS). Resultaten har förklarats i text och diagram som tagits ur dokumenten av S och AKS dokumentering av patienter. Det framkommer att AKS jobbar innovativt och självständigt och på en fördjupad expertis i vården. Resultatet i studien visar att AKS sköter en större mängd patienter än en sjukskötare, och på ett utförligt sätt så att patienten känner sig trygg och behöver inte alltid läkarbesök.This study is made for Norrland County Council (NLL). Purpose with this study was to investigate how nurses work role is different from advanced clinical nurses work role at Övertorneå community care center. Questions asked for the study was: How can the Clinical Advanced Nursing role develop to improve and secure care contact with the patient? What is the difference in patient documentation made by the nurse or by the clinical advanced nurse in their reception? The method that has been used was content analysis with a quantitative and qualitative approach. The method for collecting data was from document, that a nurse and an advanced clinical nurse had collected in ten weeks from Övertorneå, NLL. Data was analyzed by comparing the differences between a nurse and an advanced clinical nurse. The result that came out of the analyze from the documents is shown in text and in charts. It shows that advanced clinical nurse works in an innovative way with independence and a wide know-how in healthcare. The result also shows that the advanced clinical nurse has taken care of several patients than a nurse in a detailed way, so that the patient feels safe and doesn`t always need to visit a doctor

Kvistnötsextrakt från gran (Picea abies) som behandling mot androgen-oberoende prostatacancer : In vitro studie om insulinsignalering och tillväxt hos PC-3 celler

Despite advancements in the therapeutic field during the past decades, prostate cancer (PCa) remains one of the most common cancers in men, with a relatively high mortality rate when the disease progresses, and available treatment methods fail. Androgen-independent PCa is an advanced form of the disease due to the cells not relying on androgens anymore for proliferation and survival in comparison to the androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells, which are more responsive to therapy. Instead, androgen-independent PCa cells heavily exploit other growth factors such as insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) for sustained growth. With an increasing incidence worldwide as well as insufficient and costly medication, novel treatment methods are in great demand. Lignans are polyphenols found throughout the plant kingdom mainly in fiber-rich vegetables and seeds and are known for their many health-promoting properties such as being potent antioxidants, exerting anti-inflammatory features, as well as reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Importantly, lignans show selective toxicity to a variety of cancers including PCa without damaging healthy cells. In this thesis, a knotwood extract from the Norway spruce tree (Picea abies) was studied for its effects on the androgen-independent cell line PC-3 with the main focus on the insulin signaling pathway. Previous studies have investigated the antineoplastic properties of individual lignans, whereas extracts containing a mixture of these compounds have rarely been studied. Initial analysis of the extract by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the lignan content to be 31.3%, of which hydroxymatairesinol was the dominant lignan. Live-cell imaging of 48 h treated PC-3 cells in serum-rich medium showed a distinct concentration-dependent suppression of proliferation. Further, the cells arrested in the G0/G1-phase of the cell cycle without apparent cell death as determined by flow cytometry. To identify if the extract targeted insulin-mediated signaling, the cells were treated in serum-free conditions with added insulin for up to 60 min. An evident inhibition of Akt phosphorylation as well as its downstream target Gsk-3b was observed. Expression of p21 was additionally upregulated during a longer treatment time. Surprisingly, however, both pERK and pAkt were stimulated upon lower extract concentrations contradicting proliferation repression and cell cycle arrest. Intriguingly, treatment in growth factor depleted conditions revealed PC-3 cells to be highly sensitized to the extract, initiating necroptosis-like cell death. The results in this thesis demonstrate the antineoplastic effects of the P. abies knotwood extract on PC-3 cells in vitro. Mechanism of action is tied to altered PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling, where the amount of available growth factors as well as the cell’s energy metabolism influence the lethal effects, possibly revealing how lignans exert their selectivity to cancer cells in general.

Älykkäiden sähkömittareiden laatutietojen hyödyntäminen tulevaisuudessa

Tämän päivän yhteiskunnassa sähköverkkoa ollaan laajennettu niin paljon vuosien varrella että jopa suurimmalle osalle saaristosta rupeaa olemaan sähköistetty. Tämä antaa verkkoyhtiöille mahdollisuuden keskittyä hieman enemmän toimittamansa sähkön laatuun ja toimitusvarmuuteen. Tässä insi-nöörityössä tullaan käsittelemään älykkään sähköverkon rakenteeseen ny-kypäivänä ja mitä siltä voi odottaa tulevaisuudessa. Fortumin vaihdettua lähestulkoon kaikki induktio kWh-mittarit etäluettaviksi mittareiksi, on aika rupea hyödyntämään mittareiden muitakin toimintoja. Näihin toimintoihin lukeutuvat mittarin tallentamien laatutietojen hyödyntäminen. Jotta voidaan täysin ymmärtää mitä mahdollisuuksia uudet mittarit mahdol-listaa on ensin hieman tutustuttava sähkönlaatuun ja mitä se merkitsee jake-luverkon kannalta. Sähköstandardien tiukentuessa tulevaisuudessa tullaan verkkoyhtiöiltä vaatimaan entistä parempaa sähkönlaatua. Tämä voi tule-vaisuudessa mahdollisesti myös luoda mahdollisuuden asiakkaalle seuraa-maan oman sähkönkulutuksen lisäksi myös oman sähkökäyttöpaikkansa sähkönlaatua. Nämä toiminnot ja niiden hyödyntäminen on vasta tulemassa käyttöön verkkoyhtiöillä ja niihin liittyvät käyttöjärjestelmät ja ohjelmat ovat vasta alkuvaiheessa.I dagens samhälle har elnätet expanderat så mycket att även största delen av skärgården börjar ha el tillgängligt. Detta ger eldistributionsbolagen möj-lighet att koncentrera sig mera på kvaliteten och pålitligheten av den levere-rade elen. I detta ingenjörsarbete behandlas det smarta elnätverkets upp-byggnad idag och vad som kan förväntas av det i framtiden. Fortum har bytt ut de gamla induktion kWh-mätarna till nya fjärravläsbara mätaren, vilket betyder att det är dags att börja utnyttja de mätarens andra funktioner också, så som information om elkvaliteten vid mätaren. För att få bättre förståelse vilka möjligheter de nya mätarna möjliggör måste man först bekanta sig med begreppet elkvalitet och vad det innebär. Då standarden för elen blir strängare i framtiden kommer det att krävas ännu bättre elkvalitet av eldistributionsbolagen. Detta kan även betyda att kunderna kommer att ha möjligheten att följa med sin elkonsumtion och även elkvaliteten vid sitt bruksställe. Dessa funktioner och utnyttjande av dem tar de första stegen i eldistributionsbolagen och de program som möj-liggör det är i utvecklingsskede.In today's society, the electricity grid has expanded so much that even most of the archipelago begins to have electricity available. This provides elec-tricity distribution companies an opportunity to concentrate more on the quality and reliability of the delivered electricity. This degree thesis dealt with the smart grid structure of today and what can be expected of it in the future. Fortum has replaced the old induction kWh-meters for new remotely readable meter, which means it's time to start using the meter's other fea-tures as well, such as information about power quality at the meter. In order to better understand the opportunities the new meters allow one must first become familiar with the concept of power quality and what it means. As the standard for the electricity will be stricter in the future will require better power quality of the power distribution companies. This can also mean that customers-markets will have the opportunity to follow their electricity consumption and also power quality at its operating site. These features and the use of them take the first steps in the electricity distribution companies and software enabling it is in the development stage