Analisa Nilai Kapasitas Pernapasan Maksimal (KPM) Mahasiswa Perokok Pasif di Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya

Rokok mengandung banyak zat berbahaya yang dapat menyebabkan pembengkakan atau penyempitan saluran udara, lendir berlebih di paru-paru dan gangguan pada sistem pembersihan paru-paru. Akumulasi zat beracun tersebut menyebabkan iritasi paru-paru, dan akhirnya mengurangi fungsi paru-paru. Penurunan fungsi paru-paru dikaitkan dengan penurunan nilai kapasitas pernapasan maksimum yang diukur menggunakan spirometri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan nilai kapasitas pernapasan maksimum antara perokok aktif dan perokok pasif. Penelitian analisis observasional cross sectional ini melibatkan 16 mahasiswa pendidikan jasmani Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya berusia 19-25 tahun. Kebiasaan merokok diukur dengan kuesioner dan tes fungsi paru-paru dengan alat spirometri. Data dianalisis dengan uji statistik uji t independen dengan SPSS versi 21. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata kapasitas pernapasan maksimal perokok aktif adalah 38,50 sedangkan pada perokok pasif adalah 40.875. Berdasarkan uji levene, didapatkan data homogen dengan p = 0,586, kemudian dilakukan analisis uji-t independen yang menunjukkan nilai p = 0,703. Berdasarkan uji statistik di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa perbedaan kapasitas pernapasan maksimal pada perokok aktif dan pasif menunjukkan hasil yang tidak signifikan yang menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan nilai kapasitas pernapasan maksimal pada perokok aktif dan perokok pasi

RANCANG BANGUN ANTENA MIKROSTRIP SEGIEMPAT MULTI-PATCH PADA FREKUENSI 915 MHz UNTUK APLIKASI KOMUNIKASI PESAWAT UAV

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang bangun dan menguji Antena Mikrostrip Segiempat Multi-Patch untuk Aplikasi Antena Data Pesawat UAV pada frekuensi 915 MHz yang memiliki jangkauan frekuensi kerja 902-928 MHz menggunakan Simulasi Perangkat Lunak CST Studio Suite 2014 dan Alat Ukur Spectrum Analyzer. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Telekomunikasi Jurusan Teknik Elektro Fakultas Teknik Universitas Negeri Jakarta pada bulan September 2015 – Januari 2016. Antena ini dibuat menggunakan substrat Epoxy FR-4 dengan ℰr = 4.3 dan h= 1.6 mm. Dari bahan yang telah ditentukan maka didapatkan dimensi antenamikrostrip dengan lebar elemen peradiasi 98 mm dan panjang elemen peradiasi 78 mm. Dalam penelitian ini antena mikrostrip yang digunakan adalah antenamulti-patch, yang memiliki karakteristik yaitu bandwidth ≥ 26 MHz, VSWR ≤ 2,dan return loss ≤ -10 dB. Karakteristik tersebut digunakan untuk aplikasi komunikasi pesawat UAV. Dari hasil penelitian Antena Mikrostrip SegiempatMulti-PatchUntuk Aplikasi Komunikasi Pesawat UAV Pada Frekuensi 915 MHz telah berhasil dibuat dan diuji.Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa Antena Mikrostrip Segiempat Multi-PatchUntuk Aplikasi Komunikasi Pesawat UAV pada Frekuensi 915 MHz Menggunakan Simulasi Perangkat Lunak CST Studio Suite 2014 dan Alat Ukur Spectrum Analyzer dapat menghasilkan bandwidth 51 MHz, VSWR 1,27 , dan return loss -24,1 dB

Design of a stepwise safety protocol for lower limb prosthetic risk management in a clinical investigation

In research on lower limb prostheses, safety during testing and training is paramount. Lower limb prosthesis users risk unintentional loss of balance that can result in injury, fear of falling, and overall decreased confidence in their prosthetic leg. Here, we present a protocol for managing the risks during evaluation of active prosthetic legs with modifiable control systems. We propose graded safety levels, each of which must be achieved before advancing to the next one, from laboratory bench testing to independent ambulation in real-world environments

Extra-neural signals from severed nerves enable intrinsic hand movements in transhumeral amputations

Robotic prostheses controlled by myoelectric signals can restore limited but important hand function in individuals with upper limb amputation. The lack of individual finger control highlights the yet insurmountable gap to fully replacing a biological hand. Implanted electrodes around severed nerves have been used to elicit sensations perceived as arising from the missing limb, but using such extra-neural electrodes to record motor signals that allow for the decoding of phantom movements has remained elusive. Here, we showed the feasibility of using signals from non-penetrating neural electrodes to decode intrinsic hand and finger movements in individuals with above-elbow amputations. We found that information recorded with extra-neural electrodes alone was enough to decode phantom hand and individual finger movements, and as expected, the addition of myoelectric signals reduced classification errors both in offline and in real-time decoding

Electromyography-Based Control of Lower Limb Prostheses: A Systematic Review

Most amputations occur in lower limbs and despite improvements in prosthetic technology, no commercially available prosthetic leg uses electromyography (EMG) information as an input for control. Efforts to integrate EMG signals as part of the control strategy have increased in the last decade. In this systematic review, we summarize the research in the field of lower limb prosthetic control using EMG. Four different online databases were searched until June 2022: Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct. We included articles that reported systems for controlling a prosthetic leg (with an ankle and/or knee actuator) by decoding gait intent using EMG signals alone or in combination with other sensors. A total of 1,331 papers were initially assessed and 121 were finally included in this systematic review. The literature showed that despite the burgeoning interest in research, controlling a leg prosthesis using EMG signals remains challenging. Specifically, regarding EMG signal quality and stability, electrode placement, prosthetic hardware, and control algorithms, all of which need to be more robust for everyday use. In the studies that were investigated, large variations were found between the control methodologies, type of research participant, recording protocols, assessments, and prosthetic hardware

Comprehensive transcriptome analysis unravels the existence of crucial genes regulating primary metabolism during adventitious root formation in Petunia hybrida

To identify specific genes determining the initiation and formation of adventitious roots (AR), a microarray-based transcriptome analysis in the stem base of the cuttings of Petunia hybrida (line W115) was conducted. A microarray carrying 24,816 unique, non-redundant annotated sequences was hybridized to probes derived from different stages of AR formation. After exclusion of wound-responsive and root-regulated genes, 1,354 of them were identified which were significantly and specifically induced during various phases of AR formation. Based on a recent physiological model distinguishing three metabolic phases in AR formation, the present paper focuses on the response of genes related to particular metabolic pathways. Key genes involved in primary carbohydrate metabolism such as those mediating apoplastic sucrose unloading were induced at the early sink establishment phase of AR formation. Transcriptome changes also pointed to a possible role of trehalose metabolism and SnRK1 (sucrose non-fermenting 1- related protein kinase) in sugar sensing during this early step of AR formation. Symplastic sucrose unloading and nucleotide biosynthesis were the major processes induced during the later recovery and maintenance phases. Moreover, transcripts involved in peroxisomal beta-oxidation were up-regulated during different phases of AR formation. In addition to metabolic pathways, the analysis revealed the activation of cell division at the two later phases and in particular the induction of G1- specific genes in the maintenance phase. Furthermore, results point towards a specific demand for certain mineral nutrients starting in the recovery phase

Adventitious rooting declines with the vegetative to reproductive switch and involves a changed auxin homeostasis

Adventitious rooting, whereby roots form from non-root tissues, is critical to the forestry and horticultural industries that depend on propagating plants from cuttings. A major problem is that age of the tissue affects the ability of the cutting to form adventitious roots. Here, a model system has been developed using Pisum sativum to differentiate between different interpretations of ageing. It is shown that the decline in adventitious rooting is linked to the ontogenetic switch from vegetative to floral and is mainly attributed to the cutting base. Using rms mutants it is demonstrated that the decline is not a result of increased strigolactones inhibiting adventitious root formation. Monitoring endogenous levels of a range of other hormones including a range of cytokinins in the rooting zone revealed that a peak in jasmonic acid is delayed in cuttings from floral plants. Additionally, there is an early peak in indole-3-acetic acid levels 6h post excision in cuttings from vegetative plants, which is absent in cuttings from floral plants. These results were confirmed using DR5:GUS expression. Exogenous supplementation of young cuttings with either jasmonic acid or indole-3-acetic acid promoted adventitious rooting, but neither of these hormones was able to promote adventitious rooting in mature cuttings. DR5:GUS expression was observed to increase in juvenile cuttings with increasing auxin treatment but not in the mature cuttings. Therefore, it seems the vegetative to floral ontogenetic switch involves an alteration in the tissue’s auxin homeostasis that significantly reduces the indole-3-acetic acid pool and ultimately results in a decline in adventitious root formation

Distribution of indole-3-acetic acid in Petunia hybrida shoot tip cuttings and relationship between auxin transport, carbohydrate metabolism and adventitious root formation.

To determine the contribution of polar auxin transport (PAT) to auxin accumulation and to adventitious root (AR) formation in the stem base of Petunia hybrida shoot tip cuttings, the level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was monitored in non-treated cuttings and cuttings treated with the auxin transport blocker naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and was complemented with precise anatomical studies. The temporal course of carbohydrates, amino acids and activities of controlling enzymes was also investigated. Analysis of initial spatial IAA distribution in the cuttings revealed that approximately 40 and 10% of the total IAA pool was present in the leaves and the stem base as rooting zone, respectively. A negative correlation existed between leaf size and IAA concentration. After excision of cuttings, IAA showed an early increase in the stem base with two peaks at 2 and 24h post excision and, thereafter, a decline to low levels. This was mirrored by the expression pattern of the auxin-responsive GH3 gene. NPA treatment completely suppressed the 24-h peak of IAA and severely inhibited root formation. It also reduced activities of cell wall and vacuolar invertases in the early phase of AR formation and inhibited the rise of activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase during later stages. We propose a model in which spontaneous AR formation in Petunia cuttings is dependent on PAT and on the resulting 24-h peak of IAA in the rooting zone, where it induces early cellular events and also stimulates sink establishment. Subsequent root development stimulates glycolysis and the pentosephosphate pathwa

Vision, challenges and opportunities for a Plant Cell Atlas

With growing populations and pressing environmental problems, future economies will be increasingly plant-based. Now is the time to reimagine plant science as a critical component of fundamental science, agriculture, environmental stewardship, energy, technology and healthcare. This effort requires a conceptual and technological framework to identify and map all cell types, and to comprehensively annotate the localization and organization of molecules at cellular and tissue levels. This framework, called the Plant Cell Atlas (PCA), will be critical for understanding and engineering plant development, physiology and environmental responses. A workshop was convened to discuss the purpose and utility of such an initiative, resulting in a roadmap that acknowledges the current knowledge gaps and technical challenges, and underscores how the PCA initiative can help to overcome them.National Science Foundation 1916797 David W Ehrhardt, Kenneth D Birnbaum, Seung Yon Rhee; National Science Foundation 2052590 Seung Yon Rhe