Cambios inmunohistoquímicos en proteínas de túbulo y glomérulo renal causadas por el veneno de la serpiente de cascabel (Crotalus vegrandis)

Renal damage is an important cause of death in patients who have survived the early effects of severe crotalid envenomation. Extracellular matrix of renal tissue is altered by Crotalus toxin activities. The aim of this study was to describe how cytoskeletal proteins and basal membrane components undergo substantial alterations under the action of Crotalus vegrandis crude venom and its hemorrhagic fraction (Uracoina-1) in mice. To detect the proteins in question, the immunoperoxidase method with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies was used. Cell types within renal lesions were characterized by phenotypic identification, by means of immunohistologic analysis of marker proteins using different primary antibodies against mesangial cells, endothelial cells, cytoskeletal proteins (intermediate filament), extracellular matrix and basal membranes. Samples for morphological study by standard procedures (biotin-streptavidin-peroxidase technique) using light microscopy were processed. Positive and negative controls for each antigen tested in the staining assay were included. After crude venom and hemorrhagic fraction inoculation of mice, the disappearance of cytoskeletal vimentin and desmin and collagen proteins in the kidney was observed. In extracellular matrix and basal membranes, collagen type IV from envenomed animals tends to disappear from 24 h to 120 h after venom injection.El daño renal es una causa importante de muerte en pacientes que sobreviven a los efectos iniciales de los severos envenenamientos crotálicos. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido el describir como las proteínas del citoesqueleto y los componentes de membrana basal muestran alteraciones importantes en su manifestación, bajo la acción del veneno crudo de Crotalus vegrandis y una fracción hemorrágica (Uracoina-1) del mismo veneno ya que, la matriz extracelular del tejido renal es alterada por la actividad de estas toxinas. Para detectar las proteínas en cuestión se utilizó el método de inmunoperoxidasa con anticuerpos mono y policlonales. Los tipos celulares dentro de las lesiones renales fueron caracterizados por identificación fenotípica, por medio del análisis inmunohistoquímico de diferentes marcadores de proteínas utilizando anticuerpos primarios contra células mesangiales, endoteliales, proteínas de citoesqueleto (filamento intermedio), matriz extracelular y membrana basal. Se procesaron las muestras para estudio morfológico por procedimientos de rutina (biotina-streptavidina-peroxidasa) y se observaron por microscopía de luz. Fueron incluidos los controles negativos y positivos para cada antígeno probado, en los ensayos de tinción. Se observó también la desaparición en el citoesqueleto, de la expresión de las proteínas vimentina y desmina, luego de la inyección de veneno crudo y Uracoina-1. En la matriz extracelular y la membrana basal de los animales envenenados, la expresión del anti-colágeno Tipo IV, tiende a desaparecer después de las 24 a las 120 horas de la inyección del veneno

Trace Metal Concentrations in marine species in the Bay of Huarmey, Ancash, Peru

Se determinaron las concentraciones traza de cadmio, cobre, plomo y zinc, en músculos y vísceras del caracol (Stramonita T. chocolata), el cangrejo peludo (Cancer setosus), la cabrilla (Paralabrax humeralis), el chorito (Semimytilus algosus), la lapa (Fissurella sp.) y el chitón (Chiton spp., indeterminado)); colectados en octubre 2001 en la bahía de Huarmey, Ancash, Perú. Los órganos seleccionados fueron liofi lizados y sometidos a digestión ácida según método CEM USA 1994 y analizados por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Las menores concentraciones de cadmio (0,63 μg/g), cobre (1,87 μg/g) y zinc (1,70 μg/g), se encontraron en el músculo de P. humeralis; mientras que valores máximos de zinc (24,16 μg/g) se observaron en vísceras del T. chocolata y de cobre (28,0 μg/g) en músculo de Chiton spp. Las concentraciones halladas estuvieron dentro de los límites internacionales establecidos por algunos países (Nauen, 1983).Trace concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc were determinated in muscles and internal organs of rock shell (Stramonita T. chocolata), hairy rockcrab (Cancer setosus), Peruvian rock seabass (Paralabrax humeralis), small mussel (Semimytilus algosus), keyhole limpet (Fissurella spp.) and chiton (Chiton spp.) collected in October 2001 from Huarmey bay, Ancash, Peru. The selected organs were liophylized and process according to CEM the USA 1994 and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Lower concentrations of cadmium (0,63 μg/g), copper (1,87 μg/g) and zinc (1,70 μg/g) were observed in P. humeralis muscle, in contrast higher values of zinc (24,16 μg/g) was in T. chocolata and copper (28,0 μg/g) in muscle of Chiton spp. Trace concentrations were within the international standard limits established by some countries (Nauen, 1983)

Extinction procedure induces pruning of dendritic spines in CA1 hippocampal field depending on strength of training in rats

Numerous reports indicate that learning and memory of conditioned responses are accompanied by genesis of dendritic spines in the hippocampus, although there is a conspicuous lack of information regarding spine modifications after behavioral extinction. There is ample evidence that treatments that typically produce amnesia become innocuous when animals are submitted to a procedure of enhanced training. We now report that extinction of inhibitory avoidance (IA), trained with relatively low foot-shock intensities, induces pruning of dendritic spines along the length of the apical dendrites of hippocampal CA1 neurons. When animals are trained with a relatively high foot-shock there is a high resistance to extinction, and pruning in the proximal and medial segments of the apical dendrite are seen, while spine count in the distal dendrite remains normal. These results indicate that pruning is involved in behavioral extinction, while maintenance of spines is a probable mechanism that mediates the protecting effect against amnesic treatments produced by enhanced training

Un método de bajo costo para probar los efectos citotóxicos del veneno de Crotalus vegrandis (Serpentes: Viperidae) en cultivos de células renales

The pathogenesis of the renal lesion upon envenomation by snakebite has been related to myolysis, hemolysis, hypotension and/or direct venom nephrotoxicity caused by the venom. Both primary and continuous cell culture systems provide an in vitro alternative for quantitative evaluation of the toxicity of snake venoms. Crude Crotalus vegrandis venom was fractionated by molecular exclusion chromatography. The toxicity of C. vegrandis crude venom, hemorrhagic, and neurotoxic fractions were evaluated on mouse primary renal cells and a continuous cell line of Vero cells maintained in vitro. Cells were isolated from murine renal cortex and were grown in 96 well plates with Dulbecco's Modified Essential Medium (DMEM) and challenged with crude and venom fractions. The murine renal cortex cells exhibited epithelial morphology and the majority showed smooth muscle actin determined by immune-staining. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by the tetrazolium colorimetric method. Cell viability was less for crude venom, followed by the hemorrhagic and neurotoxic fractions with a CT50 of 4.93, 18.41 and 50.22 µg/mL, respectively. The Vero cell cultures seemed to be more sensitive with a CT50 of 2.9 and 1.4 µg/mL for crude venom and the hemorrhagic peak, respectively. The results of this study show the potential of using cell culture system to evaluate venom toxicity.La patogénesis de la lesion renal ha sido relacionada a la miolisis, hemólisis, hipotensión y/o el efecto directo del veneno. Tanto el cultivo primario o el cultivo celular continuo proveen una alternativa in vitro para la evaluación cuantitativa de la toxicidad de venenos de serpiente. El veneno crudo de Crotalus vegrandis fue fraccionado por una cromatografía de exclusión molecular. La toxicidad del veneno crudo de C. vegrandis, sus fracciones hemorrágicas y neurotóxicas fueron evaluadas en células renales primarias de ratón y una línea continua de células Vero mantenidas in vitro. Las células fueron aisladas de la corteza renal murina y se cultivaron en placas de 96 pozos con medio Dulbecco (DMEM). Allí fueron tratadas con el veneno crudo y sus fracciones. Las células de la corteza renal murina tuvieron una morfología de células epiteliales y la mayoría se tiñeron con un anticuerpo anti-músculo actina. La citotoxicidad fue evaluada por el método colorimétrico del tetrazolium. La viabilidad de las células fue menor en las células tratadas con el veneno crudo, seguida por la fracción hemorrágica y neurotóxica, con un CT50 de 4.93, 18.41 y 50.22 µg/mL, respectivamente. Los cultivos de células Vero parecieron ser más sensibles con un CT50 de 2.9 y 1.4 µg/mL para el veneno crudo y el pico hemorrágico, respectivamente. Los resultados de este estudio muestran la potencialidad de usar sistemas de cultivo celular para evaluar la toxicidad de los venenos

Causas y situaciones que inciden en el estrés laboral de profesores del centro universitario de ciencias de la salud de la universidad de Guadalajara

Objective: Identify the causes and situations causing job stress in professors from Health Sciences Universitary Center (CUCS), Guadalajara University (U. de G.). Methodology: It´s a cross sectional study realized to professors from CUCS, which took a convenience sample of 109 professors. We applied a cedula that contain socio-demographic data, Perceived Stress Scale and Psychosocial Factors in the Academic Stress (FPSIS). Results: The Stress Prevalence was 82.6%. The Stress Situations were unexpected events (12.0%), not was handling successfully irritants problems their life (77.1%) and no control in life´s difficults (76.1%). The psychosocial factors affecting the stress were job conditions (95.4%), social interaction and organizational aspects (72.5%) and workload (66.1%). Conclusions: The Stress Prevalence in the professors from this Universitary Center was high. The identification of causes and psychosocial contributed to Stress in this population provided revision and analysis of situations that can will improved in this educational work space.Objetivo: Identificar las causas y situaciones que inciden en el estrés laboral de profesores del Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (U. de G.). Metodología: Es un estudio descriptivo transversal realizado a profesores del CUCS, de los cuales se tomó una muestra por conveniencia de 109. Se les aplicó una cédula de recolección de la información compuesta por datos socio-demográficos, la escala de estrés percibido (CSI) y el instrumento de Factores Psicosociales en el Trabajo Académico (FPSIS). Resultados: La prevalencia de estrés en profesores es de 82,6%. Las situaciones que contribuyen el estrés son por eventos inesperados (12,0%), por no haber manejado con éxito los problemas irritantes de la vida (77,1%) y no haber podido controlar las dificultades de su vida (76,1%). Los factores psicosociales que favorecen el estrés son las condiciones del lugar de trabajo (95,4%), la interacción social y los aspectos organizacionales (72,5%) y la carga de trabajo (66,1%). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de estrés en los profesores de este Centro Universitario es elevada. La identificación de estas causas y factores psicosociales que condicionan el estrés en esta población permiten la revisión y análisis de situaciones que pueden mejorarse en este espacio laboral docente

The missing whales: relevance of “struck and lost” rates for the impact assessment of historical whaling in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean

The massive impact that open-boat historical whaling (18th to 20th centuries) had on whale populations has been traditionally estimated from records of oil and baleen plate production. However, an unknown proportion of hunted whales were struck, wounded, eventually killed, but lost, and not included in these records, suggesting that whaling impact may be critically underestimated. Whaling logbooks provide a key source for assessing past catches and losses. Here, we extract detailed records of 19875 days of activity in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean from 255 logbooks of offshore whaling voyages. During the period considered (1776–1923), whalers first targeted southern right whales (Eubalaena australis, 2497 sightings and 658 catches), gradually substituted by sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus, 1157 sightings and 843 catches) after 1840. Loss rate factors, calculated to account for the number of “struck and lost” whales, decreased across time for both species, and were particularly high (ranging 1.09–1.6) for the southern right whale, whose population was drastically reduced by whaling, as compared to previous estimates based on rough catch records. Accurate accounting for these “lost” individuals is essential for reconstructing the impact of whaling on cetacean populations and for a proper assessment of their initial population size and demographic trends.Postprint2,27

Desafíos de tele-rehabilitación en niños con discapacidad en educación temprana

This research deals with the tele-rehabilitation service for children with disabilities in a post-Covid-19 era. There has been a boom with new working models and adaptation to new challenges and experiences of professionals in rehabilitation therapies. With such services as the most effective way to treat psychomotor deficits in children with disabilities, Rehabilitation Centers have reconfigured their planning by offering hybrid care, but there is a lack of integration of ICT for the delivery of these services through agile approaches. Under an Action-Design methodology, a survey was designed and applied to therapists from five Rehabilitation Centers in Mexico; focused on knowing four relevant aspects: Rehabilitation Teleworking; ICT in therapeutic activity; Communication between parents and Rehabilitation centers; and Patients. From the result, it can be inferred that there is a high level of interest at THE initial education in technological training and a need for higher quality stimulation tools and resources.Esta investigación trata sobre el servicio de Tele-rehabilitación para niños con discapacidad en una época post-Covid 19. Ha habido un auge con nuevos modelos de trabajo y la adaptación a nuevos retos y experiencias de los profesionales en terapias de rehabilitación. Con dichos servicios como la forma más efectiva de tratar el déficit psicomotor en niños con discapacidad, los Centros de Rehabilitación han reconfigurado su planificación ofreciendo atención híbrida, pero existe una falta de integración de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) para la entrega de estos servicios a través de enfoques ágiles. Bajo una metodología de Diseño-Acción, se diseñó una encuesta aplicada a terapeutas de cinco Centros de Rehabilitación de México. De los resultados se puede inferir un alto interés de la educación a nivel inicial por la formación tecnológica y una necesidad de mayor calidad en las herramientas y recursos de estimulación

Hábitos y prácticas de consumo de teléfonos celulares en México y España

Los avances tecnológicos, la expansión de mercado y el corto ciclo de vida que caracteriza a los aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos, los convierte en el flujo de residuos de más rápido crecimiento en el mundo. Uno de estos aparatos de mayor consumo son los teléfonos celulares, que ya forman parte del estilo la vida de un número creciente de personas en todo el mundo. Los hábitos de consumo y de gestión del residuo que generan una vez finalizada su vida útil están asociados a los estilos de vida de los diferentes segmentos de la población, siendo la población joven el segmento de mayor consumo. Ante este contexto, este trabajo se centra en analizar los hábitos de consumo y retirada de los teléfonos celulares entre el segmento de los jóvenes universitarios de México y España, tomando como caso de estudio una universidad para cada país. Para ello, se diseñó una encuesta con el propósito de obtener información referente al conocimiento ambiental, hábitos de consumo y la forma en que gestionan el teléfono celular al finalizar su vida útil. Los resultados obtenidos sustentan la necesidad de desarrollar evaluaciones e implementar posibles escenarios para la gestión sostenible de los celulares al final de su vida útil.Technological advances, market expansion and the short life cycle that characterizes the electrical and electronic equipments, makes their wastes to be the fastest growing flow of residues in the world. One of the electronic devices that has increased their consumption is cell phones, which are already part of the life style of a growing number of people around the world. Consumption and waste management at end-of-life patterns are associated with the lifestyles of the different segments of the population, being young people the largest consumer segment. Given this context, this paper focuses on analyzing consumption and removal of cell phones patterns from the segment of university students in Mexico and Spain. To do this, a survey was designed in order to obtain information concerning the environmental knowledge and consumption habits and the way students manage cellphones at their end-of-life. The results support the need to develop and implement alternative scenarios for the sustainable management of cellphones at the end of their useful life

Drivers of clutch-size in Fork-tailed Flycatchers (<i>Tyrannus savana</i>) at temperate and tropical latitudes in South America

Many species of birds exhibit a latitudinal gradient in annual reproductive investment, laying more eggs and producing more nestlings at higher latitudes. However, few studies have evaluated the mechanisms that underlie such patterns and such differences in grassland birds specifically. We monitored nests of Fork-tailed Flycatchers (Tyrannus savana) over two breeding seasons at a tropical site in Bolivia (in 2010-11 and 2011-12) and three breeding seasons at a southern temperate site in Argentina (2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13), testing two hypotheses explaining variation in clutch-size among populations: the food-limitation hypothesis and the nest-predation hypothesis. Mean clutch-size and mean brood-size were significantly larger at the temperate study site than at the tropical site. Availability of arthropod food per individual bird was significantly higher at the temperate site. There was no relationship, positive or negative, between rates of nest predation and either clutch- or brood-size, and thus no support for the nest-predation hypothesis. We conclude that food availability explains much of the latitudinal variation in clutch-size in this species. We discuss avenues for future research on the mechanisms underlying geographical variation in the life histories of Neotropical birds.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Changes in salivary analytes in cows due to the in vitro presence of feed

The effect in a sialochemistry profile of the presence of usually available feed in dairy cows was evaluated by an in vitro experiment. For this purpose, a pooled clean saliva from five healthy dairy cows was incubated five times with a standard feed based on a total mixed ration (F), wheat hay (H), and grass (G). The salivary panel was integrated by biomarkers of stress (cortisol -sCor-, salivary alpha-amylase -sAA-, butyrylcholinesterase -BChE-, total esterase -TEA-, and lipase -Lip-), immunity (adenosine deaminase -ADA-), oxidative status (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity -TEAC-, the ferric reducing ability of saliva -FRAS-, the cupric reducing antioxidant capacity -CUPRAC-, uric acid, and advanced oxidation protein products -AOPP-), and enzymes, proteins, and minerals of general metabolism and markers of liver, muscle, and renal damage (aspartate aminotransferase -AST-, alanine aminotransferase -ALP-, γ-glutamyl transferase -gGT-, lactate dehydrogenase -LDH-, creatine kinase -CK-, creatinine, urea, triglycerides, glucose, lactate, total protein, phosphorus, and total calcium). Most of the evaluated analytes showed a coefficient of variations (CV) higher than 15% and/or significant changes compared with the clean saliva when feed was present. Some analytes, such as the oxidative status biomarkers (CV > 80%), AST (CV > 60%), or glucose (CV > 100%), showed significant changes with all the feed types tested. Others showed significant differences only with certain types of feed, such as LDH with F (CV > 60%) or triglycerides with F (CV > 100%) and H (CV > 95%). However, sCor or gGT remained unchanged (CV 0.05) in all the treatments. The presence of feed can produce changes in most of the analytes measured in cows' saliva, being of high importance to consider this factor when saliva is used as a sample to avoid errors in the interpretation of the results. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03371-9