Pedagogical strategies aimed at promoting the mutual relationship between thinking and caring for the environment in children from 3 to 6 years of age from the foundation to smile again, under the gaze of PIAGET and VYGOTSKY

Este proyecto se realizó en la Fundación Volver a Sonreír ubicada en Floridablanca, Santander en niños de 3 a 6 años. Allí se evidenciaron dos problemas: primero, el escaso conocimiento e interés frente al medio ambiente y segundo la dificultad del niño para dar respuestas a situaciones de su contexto viéndose afectado su pensamiento. El propósito es favorecer la relación mutua entre el conocimiento del medio ambiente y el desarrollo del pensamiento, es decir que el pensamiento vaya dirigido al medio y que este a su vez con sus manifestaciones le permita desarrollarlo.Fundación Volver a SonreírThis project was carried out at the Fundación Volver a Sonreír located in Floridablanca, Santander in children from 3 to 6 years old. There, two problems were evident: first, the scarce knowledge and interest in the environment and second, the child's difficulty in responding to situations in their context, their thinking being affected. The purpose is to promote the mutual relationship between the knowledge of the environment and the development of thought, that is to say that the thought is directed to the environment and that this in turn with its manifestations allows it to develop it

Night Myopia Studied with an Adaptive Optics Visual Analyzer

PURPOSE: Eyes with distant objects in focus in daylight are thought to become myopic in dim light. This phenomenon, often called "night myopia" has been studied extensively for several decades. However, despite its general acceptance, its magnitude and causes are still controversial. A series of experiments were performed to understand night myopia in greater detail. METHODS: We used an adaptive optics instrument operating in invisible infrared light to elucidate the actual magnitude of night myopia and its main causes. The experimental setup allowed the manipulation of the eye's aberrations (and particularly spherical aberration) as well as the use of monochromatic and polychromatic stimuli. Eight subjects with normal vision monocularly determined their best focus position subjectively for a Maltese cross stimulus at different levels of luminance, from the baseline condition of 20 cd/m(2) to the lowest luminance of 22 × 10(-6) cd/m(2). While subjects performed the focusing tasks, their eye's defocus and aberrations were continuously measured with the 1050-nm Hartmann-Shack sensor incorporated in the adaptive optics instrument. The experiment was repeated for a variety of controlled conditions incorporating specific aberrations of the eye and chromatic content of the stimuli. RESULTS: We found large inter-subject variability and an average of -0.8 D myopic shift for low light conditions. The main cause responsible for night myopia was the accommodation shift occurring at low light levels. Other factors, traditionally suggested to explain night myopia, such as chromatic and spherical aberrations, have a much smaller effect in this mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: An adaptive optics visual analyzer was applied to study the phenomenon of night myopia. We found that the defocus shift occurring in dim light is mainly due to accommodation errors

J-shaped relationship between habitual coffee consumption and 10-year (2002–2012) cardiovascular disease incidence:the ATTICA study

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the association between coffee consumption and 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence in the ATTICA study, and whether this is modified by the presence or absence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) at baseline. Methods: During 2001–2002, 3042 healthy adults (1514 men and 1528 women) living in the greater area of Athens were voluntarily recruited to the ATTICA study. In 2011–2012, the 10-year follow-up was performed in 2583 participants (15% of the participants were lost to follow-up). Coffee consumption was assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline (abstention, low, moderate, heavy). Incidence of fatal or non-fatal CVD event was recorded using WHO-ICD-10 criteria and MetS was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment panel III (revised) criteria. Results: Overall, after controlling for potential CVD risk factors, the multivariate analysis revealed a J-shaped association between daily coffee drinking and the risk for a first CVD event in a 10-year period. Particularly, the odds ratio for low (250 ml/day), compared to abstention, were 0.44 (95% CI 0.29–0.68), 0.49 (95% CI 0.27–0.92) and 2.48 (95% CI 1.56–1.93), respectively. This inverse association was also verified among participants without MetS at baseline, but not among participants with the MetS. Conclusions: These data support the protective effect of drinking moderate quantities of coffee (equivalent to approximately 1–2 cups daily) against CVD incidents. This protective effect was only significant for participants without MetS at baseline

The COVID-19 pandemic and its global effects on dental practice : An International survey

Objectives: A multicentre survey was designed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak on dental practice worldwide, estimate the COVID-19 related symptoms/signs, work attitudes and behaviour and the routine use of protective measures and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Methods: A global survey using a standardized questionnaire with research groups from 36 countries was designed. The questionnaire was developed and pretested during April 2020 and contained three domains: 1) Personal data; 2) COVID-19 positive rate and symptoms/signs presumably related to the coronavirus; 3) Working conditions and PPE adopted after the outbreak. Countries' data were grouped by the Country Positive Rate (CPR) during the survey period and by Gross-National-Income per capita. An ordinal multinomial logistic regression model was carried out with COVID-19 self-reported rate referred by dental professionals as dependent variable to assess the association with questionnaire items. Results: A total of 52,491 questionnaires were returned with a male/female ratio of 0.63. Out of the total respondents, 7,859 dental professionals (15%) reported symptoms/signs compatible with COVID-19. More than half of the sample (n = 27,818; 53%) stated to use FFP2/N95 masks, while 21,558 (41.07%) used eye protection. In the bivariate analysis, CPR and N95/FFP2 were significantly associated (OR = 1.80 95% =5.20 95% 95% CI = 1.60/2.82 and OR CI = 1.44/18.80, respectively), while Gross-National-Income was not statistically associated with CPR (OR = 1.09 CI = 0.97/1.60). The same significant associations were observed in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Oral health service provision has not been significantly affected by COVID-19, although access to routine dental care was reduced due to country-specific temporary lockdown periods. While the dental profession has been identified at high-risk, the reported rates of COVID-19 for dental professionals were not significantly different to those reported for the general population in each country. These findings may help to better plan oral health care for future pandemic events

Detoxification-related gene expression accompanies anhydrobiosis in the foliar nematode (Aphelenchoides fragariae)

We used RNA sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly to compare patterns of gene expression between hydrated and 24-hr desiccated foliar nematodes. We performed differetinal gene expression analysis using R library edgeR. Additionaly, we conducted Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to examine which gene sets that were asssgiend to gene ontology terms were enriched in desiccation treatment.,Supplementary File 1 Transcriptome assembly of A. fragariae in fasta format. Note: all 147,621 sequences, including splicing isoforms, are included in this file. Supplementary File 2 Annotation table of A. fragariae transcriptome. Note: Annotation was performed on the longest isoforms only (48,541 sequences). Information in this file includes sequence names, closest match to known genes in the nr database (description), lowest e-value to known genes, number of gene ontology (GO) terms assigned, enzyme code and names, detailed GO information, and InterPro annotation. Supplementary File 3. Gene expression data of A. fragariae under desiccated and control conditions. Note: Genes with low expression were removed. Fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM) of each condition was averaged across three biological replicates. In the fold change column, positive and negative values indicate genes were up-regulated and down-regulated in the desiccated condition, respectively; Differential expression was determined in R package edgeR using exact tests (Robinson et al., 2010). Differentially expressed transcriptional factors and their GO annotations were presented in the second tab. Supplementary File 4. Gene ontology (GO) terms enriched in the desiccation treatment (“desiccation” tab) and control (“control” tab). Nominal p-value, false discovery rate (FDR), and normalized enrichment score (NES) were determined in GSEA (Subramanian et al., 2005). Abbreviations in the category column: BP, biological process; CC, cellular component; MF, molecular function.,The foliar nematode (Aphelenchoides fragariae) is a quarantined pest that infects a broad range of herbaceous and woody plants. Previous work has demonstrated its remarkable ability to survive rapid and extreme desiccation, although the specific mechanisms underlying its anhydrobiotic response have not been characterized. We used RNA sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly to compare patterns of gene expression between hydrated and 24-hr desiccated nematodes. Two thousand eighty-three and 953 genes were significantly up- and downregulated, respectively, in desiccated nematodes. Of the one hundred annotated genes with the largest positive fold-changes, more than one third encoded putative detoxification-related proteins. Genes encoding enzymes of Phase I and Phase II detoxification systems were among the most strongly upregulated in the transcriptome, including 35 cytochrome p450s, 23 short chain dehydrogenase/reductases, five glutathione-S-transferases, and 22 UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Genes encoding heat shock proteins, unfolded protein response enzymes, and intrinsically-disordered proteins were also upregulated. Anhydrobiosis in A. fragariae appears to involve both (1) strategies to minimize protein misfolding and aggregation and (2) wholesale induction of the cellular detoxification machinery. These processes may be controlled in part through the activity of forkhead transcription factors similar to C. elegans’ daf-16, a number of which were differentially expressed under desiccation