155 research outputs found

    Monitoring of vector-borne diseases: methods, strengths / weak point

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    Recent outbreaks of vector-borne diseases in France over the past decade have illustrated the need for efficient surveillance methods to monitor the onset and / or spread of these diseases. Epidemiological surveillance can detect the emergence of new or exotic diseases or monitor the epidemiological situation of an already established disease in an area to adapt control measures. Epidemiological surveillance can take many forms that can be combined to monitor a disease: Eventdriven surveillance (also called passive surveillance), programmed surveillance (or active surveillance) and syndromic surveillance. The specificities of the vector-borne diseases surveillance are based on the frequent complexity of their epidemiological cycles and the surveillance of the vectors. Entomological surveillance uses specific methods that are sometimes heavy and expensive to implement. It can track the geographical distribution of vectors, periods of vector activity, but due to a frequently low vector competence, usually cannot monitor diseases transmitted by these vectors.Les rĂ©cents Ă©pisodes de maladies Ă  transmission vectorielle en France au cours des dix derniĂšres annĂ©es ont illustrĂ© la nĂ©cessitĂ© de disposer de mĂ©thodes de surveillance performantes pour suivre l’apparition et/ou l’évolution de ces maladies. La surveillance Ă©pidĂ©miologique permet de dĂ©celer l’apparition d’une maladie nouvelle ou exotique ou de suivre l’évolution de la situation Ă©pidĂ©miologique d’une maladie dĂ©jĂ  implantĂ©e sur un territoire afin d’adapter les mĂ©thodes de contrĂŽle. Les modalitĂ©s de surveillance peuvent prendre diverses formes qui peuvent ĂȘtre combinĂ©es pour assurer le suivi d’une maladie : surveillance Ă©vĂšnementielle (encore appelĂ©e surveillance passive), surveillance programmĂ©e (ou surveillance active) et surveillance syndromique. Les particularitĂ©s de la surveillance des maladies Ă  transmission vectorielle reposent sur la complexitĂ© frĂ©quente de leurs cycles et sur la surveillance des vecteurs. La surveillance entomologique utilise des mĂ©thodes spĂ©cifiques qui sont quelque fois lourdes et couteuses Ă  mettre en oeuvre. Elle permet de suivre la rĂ©partition gĂ©ographique des vecteurs, les pĂ©riodes d’activitĂ© vectorielle mais, en raison frĂ©quemment d’une faible compĂ©tence vectorielle ne permet pas de suivre les maladies transmises par ces vecteurs

    Surveillance of vector-borne diseases in equids in France

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    Epidemiosurveillance has become an important part of veterinary practice. In equine medicine, vectorborne diseases have recently become a serious concern in France and in Europe, following the re-emergence of West Nile Fever, equine infectious anaemia cases, and the possible introduction of African horse sickness. The aim of our paper is to discuss some methodological issues linked to the implementation of a surveillance system. In most cases, the passive system is the most cost-effective. Recent advances in information technology, geomatics and spatial analysis will help define research avenues for the implementation of real-time surveillance and early warning surveillance systems. Vector-borne diseases are dependant on the environment and thus good candidates for the development of such tools.L'épidémiosurveillance est devenue une activité essentielle du praticien vétérinaire. En médecine équine, les maladies vectorielles ont récemment pris une place importante dans l'actualité française et européenne du fait de la réémergence de la fiÚvre du Nil occidental, de foyers d'anémie infectieuse, et du risque potentiel d'introduction de la peste équine. Le présent article discute des modalités et de la méthodologie de la mise en oeuvre d'un systÚme d'épidémiosurveillance. Dans la plupart des cas, le systÚme passif présente le meilleur rapport coût/efficacité. Les derniÚres acquisitions dans les domaines de l'informatique, les communications, la géomatique(4) et l'analyse spatiale permettent de définir des axes de recherche pour la mise en oeuvre de systÚmes permettant la surveillance en temps réel et l'alerte précoce. Les maladies vectorielles, dépendantes de l'environnement, sont de bons exemples pour le développement de tels outils

    RESPE (French Network of Epidemiological surveillance for Equine diseases) : origin and sub-network for acute respiratory syndrome

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    RESPE is the first European network of epidemiological surveillance for equine diseases, based on a group of sentinel veterinary practitioners. RESPE has three objectives: the surveillance of specific syndromes or diseases, the creation of a centre of veterinary expertise to collect epidemiological data rapidly and manage health crises not associated with notifiable diseases. The results of the sub-network for equine acute respiratory syndrome demonstrated the effectiveness and relevance of RESPE. Although they do not give an exhaustive evaluation of equine acute respiratory syndromes in France, these results provided general data on the incidence of influenza, equine herpes, and equine arteritis viruses. The isolation and typing data of viral strains are used to ensure that vaccines are suited to the viruses circulating in the field, and to improve our understanding of the origin of the various foci. The capacity for rapid reaction of the veterinary practitioners and laboratories involved in this network plays a key role in the detection of emerging or re-emerging diseases. The management of the equine arteritis outbreak in the summer of 2007 demonstrated its efficacy.Le rĂ©seau d'Ă©pidĂ©miosurveillance en pathologie Ă©quine (RESPE) est le premier rĂ©seau europĂ©en de ce type, fondĂ© sur un groupe de vĂ©tĂ©rinaires sentinelles. Il a un triple objectif: assurer la veille sanitaire de certaines affections ou syndromes, dĂ©velopper un rĂ©seau de compĂ©tences vĂ©tĂ©rinaires permettant une collecte rapide d'informations Ă©pidĂ©miologiques, et gĂ©rer les crises sanitaires hors maladies rĂ©glementĂ©es, grĂące Ă  un systĂšme d'alerte et Ă  la constitution d'une cellule de crise. Le bilan du sous-rĂ©seau «Syndrome respiratoire aigu» (SRA) dĂ©montre l'intĂ©rĂȘt et la pertinence du RESPE. Si les rĂ©sultats ne constituent pas un bilan exhaustif des syndromes respiratoires aigus chez les Ă©quidĂ©s en France, ils permettent d'Ă©valuer globalement, pour ce syndrome, l'incidence des virus de la grippe, de la rhinopneumonie et de l'artĂ©rite virale. L'isolement des souches et leur caractĂ©risation gĂ©nomique permettent de s'assurer de l'adĂ©quation entre les souches circulantes et les souches vaccinales et de mieux comprendre l'origine des diffĂ©rents foyers. Enfin grĂące Ă  la rĂ©activitĂ© des vĂ©tĂ©rinaires sentinelles et des laboratoires impliquĂ©s dans ce rĂ©seau, il permet la dĂ©tection des maladies Ă©mergentes ou rĂ©-Ă©mergentes: l'Ă©pisode d'artĂ©rite virale lors de l'Ă©tĂ© 2007 a dĂ©montrĂ© son efficacitĂ©

    Genetic diversity of Anaplasma Phagocytophilum, the causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis, implications for epidemiology and control in france

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    Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-borne bacterium and the etiologic agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis, an emerging disease that affects a wide range of mammals. In this paper, we present the recent knowledge gained from studies on the genetic diversity of this pathogen in France. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) was used to characterize the genetic diversity of A. phagocytophilum in populations of French cattle, horses, dogs, and roe deer. MLSA was based on nine loci (ankA, msp4, groESL, typA, pled, gyrA, recG, polA, and an intergenic region). Phylogenic analysis revealed three genetic clusters of bacterial variants in domesticated animals. The two principal clusters included 98% of the bacterial genotypes found in cattle, which were only distantly related to those in roe deer. One cluster comprised only cattle genotypes, while the second contained genotypes from cattle, horses, and dogs. The third contained all roe deer genotypes and three cattle genotypes. These results suggest that roe deer do not contribute to the spread of A. phagocytophilum in cattle in France. A Multiple-Locus Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) Analysis typing technique was developed for A. phagocytophilum. Five VNTRs were selected based on the HZ human-derived strain genome, and were tested on the Webster human-derived strain and on 123 DNA samples. This study confirmed that A. phagocytophilum from roe deer or domestic ruminants belong to two different clusters, while A. phagocytophilum from red deer and domestic ruminants locate within the same cluster, questioning the respective roles of roe vs red deer as reservoir hosts for domestic ruminant strains in Europe. The molecular techniques recently developed have great potential to provide detailed information on A. phagocytophilum isolates,improving both epidemiological and phylogenic investigations, thereby helping in the development of relevant prevention and control measures.A. phagocytophilum, bactĂ©rie transmise par les tiques, est responsable de l’anaplasmose granulocytaire, une maladie Ă©mergente qui infecte une large gamme de mammifĂšres dont l’homme. L’objectif de cet article est de prĂ©senter les nouvelles connaissances acquises sur la diversitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique d’A. phagocytophilum chez diffĂ©rentes espĂšces d’hĂŽtes en France, afin de dĂ©terminer quelles espĂšces participent au mĂȘme cycle Ă©pidĂ©miologique. Une analyse par sĂ©quençage multi-locus (MLSA) a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e dans des populations de bovins, chevaux, chiens et chevreuils. Trois groupes de gĂ©notypes infectant les bovins ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s. Les deux groupes principaux incluent 98% des gĂ©notypes bactĂ©riens trouvĂ©s chez les bovins et sont Ă©loignĂ©s de ceux des chevreuils. Un cluster ne comprenait que les gĂ©notypes de bovins, tandis que le second gĂ©notype contenant des bovins comprenait Ă©galement des chevaux et des chiens. Le troisiĂšme cluster contenait tous les gĂ©notypes de chevreuils et trois gĂ©notypes de bovins. Ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que les chevreuils ne contribuent pas Ă  la propagation d’A. phagocytophilum chez les bovins en France. Puis, une technique MLVA (Multiple Loci VNTR Analysis) a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e pour A. phagocytophilum. Cinq VNTR ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©s sur la base du gĂ©nome de la souche d’origine humaine HZ, et ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©s sur 123 Ă©chantillons d’ADN provenant d’animaux domestiques ou sauvages. Cette Ă©tude a confirmĂ© que les souches d’A. phagocytophilum retrouvĂ©es chez les chevreuils et les ruminants domestiques appartiennent Ă  deux groupes diffĂ©rents, alors que les souches identifiĂ©es chez les cerfs et les ruminants domestiques sont localisĂ©es dans le mĂȘme cluster. Ces rĂ©sultats remettent en question les rĂŽles respectifs des chevreuils et des cerfs comme hĂŽtes rĂ©servoirs pour les souches d’A. phagocytophilum de ruminants domestiques en Europe. Ces techniques molĂ©culaires ont un grand potentiel pour amĂ©liorer nos connaissances sur les cycles Ă©pidĂ©miologiques d’A. phagocytophilum, contribuant ainsi Ă  l’élaboration de mesures de prĂ©vention et de contrĂŽle pertinents

    West Nile Virus in Morocco, 2003

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    West Nile virus (WNV) reemerged in Morocco in September 2003, causing an equine outbreak. A WNV strain isolated from a brain biopsy was completely sequenced. On the basis of phylogenetic analyses, Moroccan WNV strains isolated during the 1996 and 2003 outbreaks were closely related to other strains responsible for equine outbreaks in the western Mediterranean basin

    Magpies as Hosts for West Nile Virus, Southern France

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    European magpies (Pica pica) from southern France were tested for antibodies to West Nile virus (WNV) and viral shedding in feces during spring–autumn 2005. Results suggest that this peridomestic species may be a suitable sentinel species and a relevant target for additional investigations on WNV ecology in Europe

    Meta-analysis of SHANK Mutations in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Gradient of Severity in Cognitive Impairments.

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    International audienceSHANK genes code for scaffold proteins located at the post-synaptic density of glutamatergic synapses. In neurons, SHANK2 and SHANK3 have a positive effect on the induction and maturation of dendritic spines, whereas SHANK1 induces the enlargement of spine heads. Mutations in SHANK genes have been associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but their prevalence and clinical relevance remain to be determined. Here, we performed a new screen and a meta-analysis of SHANK copy-number and coding-sequence variants in ASD. Copy-number variants were analyzed in 5,657 patients and 19,163 controls, coding-sequence variants were ascertained in 760 to 2,147 patients and 492 to 1,090 controls (depending on the gene), and, individuals carrying de novo or truncating SHANK mutations underwent an extensive clinical investigation. Copy-number variants and truncating mutations in SHANK genes were present in ∌1% of patients with ASD: mutations in SHANK1 were rare (0.04%) and present in males with normal IQ and autism; mutations in SHANK2 were present in 0.17% of patients with ASD and mild intellectual disability; mutations in SHANK3 were present in 0.69% of patients with ASD and up to 2.12% of the cases with moderate to profound intellectual disability. In summary, mutations of the SHANK genes were detected in the whole spectrum of autism with a gradient of severity in cognitive impairment. Given the rare frequency of SHANK1 and SHANK2 deleterious mutations, the clinical relevance of these genes remains to be ascertained. In contrast, the frequency and the penetrance of SHANK3 mutations in individuals with ASD and intellectual disability-more than 1 in 50-warrant its consideration for mutation screening in clinical practice
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