Sub-genotype phylogeny of the non-G, non-P genes of genotype 2 Rotavirus A strains

Recent increase in the detection of unusual G1P[8], G3P[8], G8P[8], and G9P[4] Rotavirus A (RVA)strains bearing the DS-1-like constellation of the non-G, non-P genes (hereafter referred to as the genotype 2 backbone) requires better understanding of their evolutionary relationship.However, within a genotype, there is lack of a consensus lineage designation framework and a set of common sequences that can serve as references. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out on over 8,500 RVA genotype 2 genes systematically retrieved from the rotavirus database within the NCBI Virus Variation Resource. In line with previous designations, using pairwise comparison of cogent nucleotide sequences and stringent bootstrap support, reference lineages were defined. This study proposes a lineage framework and provides a dataset ranging from 34 to 145 sequences for each genotype 2 gene for orderly lineage designation of global genotype 2 genes of RVAs detected in human and animals. The framework identified five to 31 lineages depending on the gene.The least number of lineages (five to seven) were observed in genotypes A2 (NSP1), T2 (NSP3) and H2 (NSP5) which are limited to human RVA whereas the most number of lineages (31) was observed in genotype E2 (NSP4). Sharing of the same lineage constellations of the genotype 2 backbone genes between recently-emerging, unusual G1P[8], G3P[8], G8P[8] and G9P[4] reassortants and many contemporary G2P[4] strains provided strong support to the hypothesis that unusual genotype 2 strains originated primarily from reassortment events in the recent past involving contemporary G2P[4] strains as one parent and ordinary genotype 1 strains or animal RVA strains as the other. The lineage framework with selected reference sequences will help researchers to identify the lineage to which a given genotype 2 strain belongs, and trace the evolutionary history of common and unusual genotype 2 strains in circulation

Human rotavirus replicates in salivary glands and primes immune responses in facial and intestinal lymphoid tissues of gnotobiotic pigs

Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in children across the globe. The virus has long been established as a pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract, targeting small intestine epithelial cells and leading to diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Recently, this classical infection pathway was challenged by the findings that murine strains of rotavirus can infect the salivary glands of pups and dams and transmit via saliva from pups to dams during suckling. Here, we aimed to determine if HRV was also capable of infecting salivary glands and spreading in saliva using a gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of HRV infection and disease. Gn pigs were orally inoculated with various strains of HRV, and virus shedding was monitored for several days post-inoculation. HRV was shed nasally and in feces in all inoculated pigs. Infectious HRV was detected in the saliva of four piglets. Structural and non-structural HRV proteins, as well as the HRV genome, were detected in the intestinal and facial tissues of inoculated pigs. The pigs developed high IgM antibody responses in serum and small intestinal contents at 10 days post-inoculation. Additionally, inoculated pigs had HRV-specific IgM antibody-secreting cells present in the ileum, tonsils, and facial lymphoid tissues. Taken together, these findings indicate that HRV can replicate in salivary tissues and prime immune responses in both intestinal and facial lymphoid tissues of Gn pigs.Instituto de VirologíaFil: Nyblade, Charlotte. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology; Estados UnidosFil: Zhou, Peng. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology; Estados UnidosFil: Frazier, Maggie. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology; Estados UnidosFil: Frazier, Annie. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology; Estados UnidosFil: Hensley, Casey. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology; Estados UnidosFil: Fantasia-Davis, Ariana. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology; Estados UnidosFil: Shahrudin, Shabihah. Indiana University. Department of Biology; Estados UnidosFil: Hoffer, Miranda. Indiana University. Department of Biology; Estados UnidosFil: Agbemabiese, Chantal Ama. Indiana University. Department of Biology; Estados UnidosFil: LaRue, Lauren. GIVAX Inc.; Estados UnidosFil: Barro, Mario. GIVAX Inc.; Estados UnidosFil: Patton, John T. Indiana University. Department of Biology; Estados UnidosFil: Parreño, Gladys Viviana. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology; Estados UnidosFil: Parreño, Gladys Viviana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). INCUINTA. Instituto de Virologia e Innovaciones Tecnologicas (IVIT); ArgentinaFil: Parreño, Gladys Viviana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Yuan, Lijuan. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod‑Borne Pathogens; Estados Unido

Within-Compound Versus Public Latrine Access and Child Feces Disposal Practices in Low-Income Neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana.

In crowded urban settlements in low-income countries, many households rely on shared sanitation facilities. Shared facilities are not currently considered "improved sanitation" because of concerns about whether hygiene conditions sufficiently protect users from the feces of others. Prevention of fecal exposure at a latrine is only one aspect of sanitary safety. Ensuring consistent use of latrines for feces disposal, especially child feces, is required to reduce fecal contamination in households and communities. Household crowding and shared latrine access are correlated in these settings, rendering latrine use by neighbors sharing communal living areas as critically important for protecting one's own household. This study in Accra, Ghana, found that household access to a within-compound basic latrine was associated with higher latrine use by children of ages 5-12 years and for disposal of feces of children < 5 years, compared with households using public latrines. However, within-compound access was not associated with improved child feces disposal by other caregivers in the compound. Feces was rarely observed in household compounds but was observed more often in compounds with latrines versus compounds relying on public latrines. Escherichia coli and human adenovirus were detected frequently on household surfaces, but concentrations did not differ when compared by latrine access or usage practices. The differences in latrine use for households sharing within-compound versus public latrines in Accra suggest that disaggregated shared sanitation categories may be useful in monitoring global progress in sanitation coverage. However, compound access did not completely ensure that households were protected from feces and microbial contamination

Early career researchers want Open Science : Comment

Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)Open Science is encouraged by the European Union and many other political and scientific institutions.However, scientific practice is proving slow to change.We propose, as early career researchers, that it is our task to change scientific research into open scientific research and commit to Open Science principles.Non peer reviewe

ロタウイルスの種間伝播とその進化的意義：アフリカからの展望

長崎大学学位論文 学位記番号:博(医歯薬)甲第1057号 学位授与年月日:平成30年3月20日Nagasaki University (長崎大学)課程博