Pojęcie prawa w nowej teorii prawa naturalnego

The article presents new natural law theory’s concept of law. The first part of the article focuses on the way John Finnis defines law. According to the author of the article, Finnis’s definition of law is a bit blurred which makes it too wide. The second part of the article focuses on the law as an instrument of shaping citizens. The author presents Robert P. George’s pluralistic perfectionist theory of civil liberties and his conception of public morality.Tekst ma przybliżyć zagadnienia związane z pojmowaniem prawa przez przedstawicieli nowej teorii prawa naturalnego. W pierwszej części przedstawiono narzędzie, używane przez autorów związanych z nurtem do zdefiniowania prawa, a także samą definicję tego pojęcia. Definicja ta, zdaniem autorki, cierpi na pewne niedostatki, pozwalające na nadmierne rozszerzanie znaczenia omawianego pojęcia. W drugiej części przedstawiona zostaje funkcja prawa jako narzędzia wychowawczego i dyscyplinującego wspólnotę, za pomocą którego państwo może kształtować swoich obywateli

Robert P. George’s Perfectionist Conception of Law

I start this article by introducing the new natural theory and its best-known authors. I reconstruct their conception of law and I focus on Robert P. George and his specific conception of law and its role. According to George, there is no law without morality and law should always promote a certain conception of good life. It is through the law that a state imposes some moral values on its citizens. Therefore, among other functions of the legal system there is a perfectionist one. I also stress that George tries to promote such model through his own life and academic career by making his own public philosophy.Autorka uzyskała środki finansowe na przygotowanie rozprawy doktorskiej z Narodowego Centrum Nauki w ramach finansowania stypendium doktorskiego na podstawie decyzji numer DEC-2013/08/T/HS5/[email protected] Mikołaja Kopernika w ToruniuBradley Gerard V., The Moral Bases for Legal Regulation of Pornography, [w:] The Social Costs of Pornography. A Collection of Papers, red. J.R. Stoner Jr., D. M. Hughes, Princeton 2010.Ceaser James W., What is Public Philosophy, [w:] Public Philosophy and Political Science. Crisis and Reflection, red. E. Robert Statham Jr., Oxford 2002.Dworkin Gerald, Devlin Was Right: Law and the Enforcement of Morality, „William and Mary Law Review” 1999, t. 40, nr 3.Finnis John, Natural Theory and Limited Government, [w:] Natural Law, Liberalism, and Morality, red. R.P. George, Oxford 2002.Finnis John, Prawo naturalne i uprawnienia naturalne, Warszawa 2000.George Robert P., Gerard V. Bradley, Brief Amicus Curiae of the Family Research Council, Inc. and Focus on the Family in Support of the Respondent, 2003.George Robert P., Making Children Moral: Pornography, Parents, and the Public Interest, [w:] idem, The Clash of Orthodoxies. Law, Religion, and Morality in Crisis, Wilmington 2001.George Robert P., Making Men Moral. Civil Liberties and Public Morality, Oxford 2002.George Robert P., Natural Law and Positive Law, [w:] The Autonomy of Law. Essays on Legal Positivism, red. R. P. George, Oxford 2005.George Robert P., Natural Law, „American Journal of Jurisprudence” 2007, t. 52.George Robert P., Natural Law, „Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy” 2008, t. 31, nr 1.George Robert P., Natural Law, God, and Human Dignity, [w:] idem, Conscience and Its Enemies, Wilmington 2013.George Robert P., The Concept of Public Morality, [w:] idem, The Clash of Orthodoxies. Law, Religion, and Morality in Crisis, Wilmington 2001.George Robert, Sherif Girgis, Ryan Anderson, Amici Curiae Brief of Robert P. George, Sherif Girgis, and Ryan T. Anderson in Support of Hollingsworth and Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Addressing the Merits and Supporting Reversal, 2013.Grisez Germain, The First Principle of Practical Reason: A Commentary on the „Summa Theologiae”, 1–2, q. 94 a. 2, “Natural Law Forum” 1965, t. 10.Grisez Germain. Joseph Boyle, John Finnis, Practical Principles, Moral, and Ultimate Ends, “The American Journal of Jurisprudence” 1987, nr 32.Lippman Walter, Essays in Public Philosophy, 1955.Miętek Agata, Miejsce Johna Mitchella Finnisa we współczesnej teorii prawa, „Dialogi Polityczne” 2007, nr 8.Miętek Agata, Nowa teoria prawa naturalnego. Główne konteksty i problemy, „Dialogi Polityczne” 2008, nr 9.Paul van Seters, From Public Sociology to Public Philosophy: Lessons for Law and Society, “Law & Social Inquiry” 2010, t. 35, nr 4.Pigliucci Massimo, Leonard Finkelman, The Value of Public Philosophy to Philosophers, “Essays in Philosophy” 2014, t. 15, nr 1.Reiman Jeffrey, John Rawls’s New Conception of the Problem of Limited Government: Reply to Michael Zuckert, [w:] Natural Law, Liberalism, and Morality, red. R. P. George, Oxford 2002.Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S.620 (1996).Sandel Michael, Public Philosophy. Essays on Morality in Politics, Cambridge – London 2005.Sandel Michael, Democracy’s Discontent. America in Search of Public Philosophy, Cambridge– London 1996.Selznick Philip, A Humanist Science. Values and Ideals in Social Inquiry, Stanford 2008.Tinur´e Maris K¨opcke, Finnis on legal and Moral Obligation, [w:] Reason, Morality, and Law. The Philosophy of John Finnis, red. J. Keown, R. P. George, Oxford 2013.Tollefsen Christopher, Pure Perfectionism and the Limits of Paternalism, [w:] Reason, Morality, and Law, red. R. P. George, J. Keown, Oxford 2013.Tully James, Public Philosophy in a New Key, t. 1, Cambridge 2008.Weinstein Jack R., What Does Public Philosophy Do? (Hint: It Does Not Make Better Citizens), “Essays in Philosophy” 2014, t. 15, nr 1.Zuckert Michael P., Is Modern Liberalism Compatible with Limited Government? The Case of Rawls, [w:] Natural Law, Liberalism, and Morality, red. R. P. George, Oxford 2002.16556

Hypoxic 3D in vitro culture models reveal distinct resistance processes to TKIs in renal cancer cells

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of hypoxia on axitinib and sorafenib-treated renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. Hypoxia is a crucial factor influencing transcription process via protein modulation, which was shown i.e. in pancreatic cancer. Until now, hypoxia has been defined as associated with poorer outcome and inducing chemotherapy resistance in solid tumors. The unique phenomenon of pseudo-hypoxia connected with vhl mutation was observed in clear-cell, but not in papillary RCC, and the treatment of this subtype of cancer is still challenging. Despite the introduction of new antiangiogenic targeted therapies (inter alia tyrosine kinase inhibitors, TKIs), patients still develop both primary and acquired resistance. Overcoming resistance to TKIs, also in papillary RCC, may be possible by finding significantly modified protein expression. To do this, hypoxic 3D in vitro models must be developed to mimic both molecular pathways typical for low oxygen tension and cell–cell dynamics in tumor-like spatial structures

Hypoxic 3D in vitro culture models reveal distinct resistance processes to TKIs in renal cancer cells

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of hypoxia on axitinib and sorafenib-treated renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. Hypoxia is a crucial factor influencing transcription process via protein modulation, which was shown i.e. in pancreatic cancer. Until now, hypoxia has been defined as associated with poorer outcome and inducing chemotherapy resistance in solid tumors. The unique phenomenon of pseudo-hypoxia connected with vhl mutation was observed in clear-cell, but not in papillary RCC, and the treatment of this subtype of cancer is still challenging. Despite the introduction of new antiangiogenic targeted therapies (inter alia tyrosine kinase inhibitors, TKIs), patients still develop both primary and acquired resistance. Overcoming resistance to TKIs, also in papillary RCC, may be possible by finding significantly modified protein expression. To do this, hypoxic 3D in vitro models must be developed to mimic both molecular pathways typical for low oxygen tension and cell–cell dynamics in tumor-like spatial structures

Modelling of combined ICRF and NBI heating in JET hybrid plasmas

During the 2015-2016 JET campaigns many efforts have been devoted to the exploration of high performance plasma scenarios envisaged for ITER operation. In this paper we model the combined ICRF+NBI heating in selected key hybrid discharges using PION. The antenna frequency was tuned to match the cyclotron frequency of minority hydrogen (H) at the center of the tokamak coinciding with the second harmonic cyclotron resonance of deuterium. The modelling takes into account the synergy between ICRF and NBI heating through the second harmonic cyclotron resonance of deuterium beam ions which allows us to assess its impact on the neutron rate RNT. We evaluate the influence of H concentration which was varied in different discharges in order to test their role in the heating performance. According to our modelling, the ICRF enhancement of RNT increases by decreasing the H concentration which increases the ICRF power absorbed by deuterons. We find that in the recent hybrid discharges this ICRF enhancement was in the range of 10-25%. Finally, we extrapolate the results to D-T and find that the best performing hybrid discharges correspond to an equivalent fusion power of ∼7.0 MW in D-T.This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Dani Gallart would like to thank “La Caixa” for support of his PhD studies.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

A practical approach to the ESC 2022 cardio-oncology guidelines. Comments by a team of experts: cardiologists and oncologists

The 2022 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines [1] are a comprehensive document, prepared jointly by experts in cardiology and oncology. In the case of an oncological patient, it is necessary to individualize care in relation to the cardiological condition, the stage of the cancer and the type of potential anti-cancer therapy. Cardiac care optimisation should be undertaken before the start of oncological therapy, and continued during oncological therapy, as well as long-term after its completion [2]. The published ESC Guidelines were supplemented with a practical comments of a team of polish cardiology and oncology experts