30 research outputs found

    Tracking the Near Eastern origins and European dispersal of the western house mouse

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    Abstract: The house mouse (Mus musculus) represents the extreme of globalization of invasive mammals. However, the timing and basis of its origin and early phases of dispersal remain poorly documented. To track its synanthropisation and subsequent invasive spread during the develoment of complex human societies, we analyzed 829 Mus specimens from 43 archaeological contexts in Southwestern Asia and Southeastern Europe, between 40,000 and 3,000 cal. BP, combining geometric morphometrics numerical taxonomy, ancient mitochondrial DNA and direct radiocarbon dating. We found that large late hunter-gatherer sedentary settlements in the Levant, c. 14,500 cal. BP, promoted the commensal behaviour of the house mouse, which probably led the commensal pathway to cat domestication. House mouse invasive spread was then fostered through the emergence of agriculture throughout the Near East 12,000 years ago. Stowaway transport of house mice to Cyprus can be inferred as early as 10,800 years ago. However, the house mouse invasion of Europe did not happen until the development of proto urbanism and exchange networks — 6,500 years ago in Eastern Europe and 4000 years ago in Southern Europe — which in turn may have driven the first human mediated dispersal of cats in Europe

    The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

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    This is the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this recordData availability: All collapsed and paired-end sequence data for samples sequenced in this study are available in compressed fastq format through the European Nucleotide Archive under accession number PRJEB44430, together with rescaled and trimmed bam sequence alignments against both the nuclear and mitochondrial horse reference genomes. Previously published ancient data used in this study are available under accession numbers PRJEB7537, PRJEB10098, PRJEB10854, PRJEB22390 and PRJEB31613, and detailed in Supplementary Table 1. The genomes of ten modern horses, publicly available, were also accessed as indicated in their corresponding original publications57,61,85-87.NOTE: see the published version available via the DOI in this record for the full list of authorsDomestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture

    Ritual depositions of Sus domesticus from Poduri – Dealul Ghindaru (Cucuteni culture, Bacău County, Romania)

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    Résumé : Les dépôts rituels de Sus domesticus trouvés à Poduri-Dealul Ghindaru (culture Cucuteni, département Bac u, Roumanie). Sur le site de Poduri (département Bac u, Roumanie), l’étude archéozoologique a mis en évidence le dépôt intentionnel de deux individus juvéniles de porc (Sus domesticus) quasiment complets (S1 et S2) sous une habitation attribuée à la phase A2 de la culture Cucuteni. Ces deux suinés auraient en outre été déposés dans deux fosses distinctes (Gr. 56 et Gr. 55). De telles découvertes sont rares pour la culture Cucuteni, ce qui ajoute encore au caractère exceptionnel du dépôt mis au jour à Poduri. L’étude taphonomique a montré, pour les deux individus, que l’homme était intervenu au niveau de la cage thoracique : une éviscération partielle a été pratiquée dans le cas de S1, elle a été totale dans le cas de S2. Les interventions anthropiques mises en évidence sur les squelettes indiquent également des différences de traitement entre les deux suinés : S2 a ainsi probablement été écorché avant d’être déposé dans la fosse. Les animaux ont été sacrifiés à l’âge de 10 mois (S1) et de 11-12 mois (S2). À cet âge les porcs n’ont pas atteint leur maturité pondérale (c’est-à-dire le poids permettant une rentabilité maximale du point de vue économique). Par ailleurs, il est vraisemblable que l’individu S2 ait été une femelle, un os attribué à un foetus de suiné ayant été identifié dans la même fosse (Gr. 55).Bãlãsescu Adrian. Ritual depositions of Sus domesticus from Poduri – Dealul Ghindaru (Cucuteni culture, Bacău County, Romania). In: Annales d'Université "Valahia" Târgovişte. Section d'Archéologie et d'Histoire, Tome 11, Numéro 1, 2009. pp. 69-81

    A case of cynophagy at Radovanu – Gorgana a doua settlement, Călăraşi County (2nd–1st centuries BC)

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    Zooarchaeological study of the faunal remains unearthed at Radovanu during the 2016 field season from three pits (P. 1, P. 7 and P. 8), revealed the presence of dog bones displaying traces of anthropogenic disarticulation, defleshing and burning. Of the 68 dog skeletal remains, 20 exhibit such anthropogenic traces. The minimum number of individuals (MNI) represented by the 68 remains is four, all of them adults, of which two individuals produced the 20 remains with anthropogenic modifications. The average withers height of these animals is 56.5 cm based on the Koudelka index (52.9– 58.0 cm ; N = 6) or 57.4 cm based on the Harcourt index (55.7– 58.9 cm ; N = 6). Estimates of the gracility index, on average 7.09 (6.68– 7.85 ; N = 5), indicates that medium size dogs (between 50 and 60 cm) of average robustness (diaphyseal index = 6.6– 8.9) were present at Radovanu. The case of the Radovanu cynophagy is unique, today, in the Romanian zooarchaeological context. However, observations made more than 20 years ago might suggest that this phenomenon existed in the Geto‐ Dacian world if we consider only the degree of fragmentation and the burning traces observed in the case of the dog remains. Now, the cut marks found on the Radovanu dog bones provide irrefutable evidence that the species was, indeed, consumed by the Geto‐ Dacian population.Studiul arheozoologic al faunei de la Radovanu care provine din campania de cercetări arheologice din anul 2016 a evidențiat existența unor oase de câine cu urme antropice de dezarticulare, descărnare și ardere descoperite în trei gropi (Gr. 1, Gr. 7 și Gr. 8). Dintre cele 68 resturi de câine determinate specific, 20 prezintă astfel de urme antropice. Numărul minim de indivizi cărora le‐ au aparținut aceste resturi (68) este de cel puțin patru, toți adulți, iar dintre aceștia doi au fost consumați (20 de resturi prezintă stigmate antropice). Talia acestor animale are o valoare de 56,5 cm după Koudelka (N = 6, limite 52,9– 58 cm) sau de 57,4 cm după Harcourt (N = 6 ; limite 55,7– 58,9 cm). De asemenea, estimarea indicelui de gracilitate care are o valoare medie de 7,09 (N = 5 ; limite 6,68– 7,85) ne permite să concluzionăm că la Radovanu existau câini de talie medie (între 50 și 60 cm) și cu o robustețe medie (indice diafizar între 6,6– 8,9). Cazul cynofagiei de la Radovanu este unic în acest moment în peisajul arheozoologic românesc. Totuşi, observaţii formulate în urmă cu mai bine de 20 de ani ar fi putut sugera că acest fenomen exista în lumea geto‐ dacică numai dacă ne gândim la fragmentaritatea şi urmele de ardere observate în cazul oaselor de câine. În prezent, urmele de tăiere ale câinilor de la Radovanu sunt de necontestat, fapt care ne arată că specia era consumată.Bălășescu Adrian, Morintz Sebastian. A case of cynophagy at Radovanu – Gorgana a doua settlement, Călăraşi County (2nd–1st centuries BC). In: Materiale şi cercetãri arheologice (Serie nouã), N°14 2018. pp. 133-148

    The deposition of dogs (Canis familiaris) at Satu Nou – Valea lui Voicu (Babadag culture)

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    The archaeozoological study carried out in Satu Nou – Valea lui Voicu (Oltina, Constanța County) provides new information on the relationship between humans and dogs in the early period of the Iron Age. Thus, numerous bones from several dogs (Canis familiaris) were identified in the feature called “ ditch or gully” and in a pit (Pit 41). The authors of the research attributed this context, stratigraphically considered the oldest, to the Babadag culture (10th– 9th centuries BC). The studied group includes the complete and partial skeletons of 14 individuals (12 identified in the ditch and two in Pit 41), unearthed in the 1991– 1992 seasons. Some dogs (at least four individuals) were slaughtered by blows to the skull and / or were eaten (at least five individuals) as evidenced by the disarticulation and defleshing cut marks identified on the bones. Given the special archaeological situation at Satu Nou, the phenomenon of cynophagy must be viewed in a ritual and funerary context. Of the 14 dogs, two are certainly males, two are possibly males and four are possibly females. The animals were predominantly slaughtered at a young age : nine are subadults (between 8 and 18 months) and five are adults. The average withers height of these animals is 50.2 cm (n = 5 ; limits 46– 55.6 cm) after Koudelka and 51 cm (n = 5 ; limits 47.4– 56.8 cm) after Harcourt ; the gracility index average is 7.4 (n = 5 ; limits 6.6– 8.3). These figures describe medium-sized and above-average dogs of medium robustness. It is very interesting that nine of these individuals have extremely varied pathologies affecting various anatomical parts, from the skull to the phalanges. Most of these pathologies healed in the individuals’ lifetime, but they illustrate that these animals have gone through various accidents or traumas, some of them at relatively young ages. In general, the dog had a wide range of attributes : psychopomp creature, companion of the warrior and hunter, and also guardian of the home, with a therapeutic and purifying role. In our case the dog was sacrificed (sometimes violently), deposed as an offering and sometimes probably ritually consumed. It should not be omitted that in the same ditch from Valea lui Voicu were identified human bones (from 26 individuals), pottery, but also numerous animals remains that could have been part of the funerary banquets that probably took place in this area. The association of all these archaeological, anthropological and archaeozoological materials may suggest the existence of dog sacrifices at the funerals of the deceased (as their companions) and the deposition of a part of the animal near the body, while the rest of the animal was consumed during the funerary ceremony.Studiul arheozoologic realizat pentru situl de la Satu Nou – Valea lui Voicu (com. Oltina, jud. Constanța) ne aduce noi informații cu privire la relația dintre oameni și câini în perioada timpurie a epocii fierului. Astfel, în complexul denumit „ șanț sau viroagă” și într-o groapă (Gr. 41), au fost identificate numeroase oase provenite de la mai mulți câini (Canis familiaris). Acest context, considerat din punct de vedere stratigrafic și cel mai vechi, a fost atribuit de autorii cercetării, culturii Babadag (sec. X– IX a. Chr.). Lotul studiat cuprinde osemintele, mai mult sau mai puțin complete, a 14 indivizi (12 identificați în șanț și doi în Gr. 41), descoperite în campaniile 1991– 1992. Studiul acestora ne arată că unii câini au fost sacrificați prin lovituri la nivelul craniului (cel puțin patru indivizi) și/ sau au fost consumați alimentar (cel puțin cinci indivizi) dovadă fiind identificarea de urme antropice de descărnare și dezarticulare. Acest fenomen al cynofagiei trebuie privit într-un context ritual și funerar dacă avem în vedere situația arheologică mai specială de la Satu Nou. Din cele 14 depuneri de câini, două provin cu siguranță de la doi masculi, doi este posibil să fie masculi și patru este posibil să fie femele. Vârstele de sacrificare ale acestor câini ne arată că nouă indivizi sunt subadulți (între 8 și 18 luni) și cinci sunt adulți, deci observăm o predominare a animalelor tinere. Talia acestor animale prezintă o valoare medie de 50,2 cm (n = 5 ; limite 46– 55,6 cm) după Koudelka și de 51 cm (n = 5 ; limite 47,4– 56,8 cm) după Harcourt, iar indicele de gracilitate are o medie de 7,4 (n = 5 ; limite 6,6-8,3). Aceste cifre sugerează câini de talie medie și supramedie cu o robustețe mijlocie. Ceea ce este extrem de interesant este faptul că nouă dintre acești indivizi prezintă patologii extrem de variate care ating diferite elemente anatomice de la craniu până la falange. Majoritatea acestor patologii sunt vindecate în cursul vieții indivizilor, dar ele ne ilustrează că aceste animale sufereau diferite lovituri sau accidente, unele dintre animale fiind relativ tinere. În general, câinele are o serie de atribute psihopompe, fiind considerat un însoțitor al războinicului și vânătorului, dar în același timp era și un paznic al căminului și avea și un rol terapeutic și de purificare. În cazul nostru câinele era sacrificat (uneori violent), depus ca ofrandă și uneori probabil consumat ritualic. Nu trebuie să omitem faptul că în același șanț de la Valea lui Voicu s-au mai identificat oase umane (de la 26 de indivizi), ceramică, dar și numeroase resturi de animale care este posibil să fi făcut parte din banchetele funerare care probabil aveau loc în această zonă. Asocierea tuturor acestor materiale arheologice, antropologice și arheozoologice poate să ne sugereze existența unor sacrificii de câini cu ocazia funeraliilor unor defuncți (ca însoțitori ai acestora), în care o parte din animal era depusă în apropierea acestora, iar o altă parte era consumată în cadrul ceremoniei funerare.Bălășescu Adrian, Ailincăi Sorin-Cristian. The deposition of dogs (Canis familiaris) at Satu Nou – Valea lui Voicu (Babadag culture). In: Materiale şi cercetãri arheologice (Serie nouã), N°16 2020. pp. 57-85

    Materialul faunistic din nivelurile neolitice timpurii din adăpostul sub stâncă de la Cuina Turcului. Alexandra Bolomey in memoriam / Faunal remains from the Early Neolithic layers of the Cuina Turcului rock shelter. Alexandra Bolomey in memoriam

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    The present paper originated in Alexandra Bolomey’s partial (and often incomplete) notes and unfinished manuscripts on the Early Neolithic faunal remains from the Cuina Turcului rock shelter. Most of the information they contained was never published, with the exception of some general data included in two papers that appeared in 1973. Little as it was, such information was often quoted by other scholars when dealing with Early Neolithic archaezoology, making the publication of the existing information even more urgent and important.Prezentul articol pornește de la fișele, notițele și manuscrisele parțiale ale Alexandrei Bolomey referitoare la analiza faunistică a materialului neolitic timpuriu din adăpostul sub stâncă de la Cuina Turcului și rămasă nevalorificată. Câteva date generale au fost prezentate în două articole publicate în 1973, și des citate în studiile ulterioare ale altor cercetători privind arheozoologia neoliticului timpuriu. Publicarea acestui studiu este cu atât mai importantă, cu cât o mare parte a materialului arheozoologic este pierdut.Boroneanţ Adina, Bălășescu Adrian. Materialul faunistic din nivelurile neolitice timpurii din adăpostul sub stâncă de la Cuina Turcului. Alexandra Bolomey in memoriam / Faunal remains from the Early Neolithic layers of the Cuina Turcului rock shelter. Alexandra Bolomey in memoriam. In: Materiale şi cercetãri arheologice (Serie nouã), N°12 2016. pp. 27-44

    Reinterpreting an intriguing osseous assamblage from Chitila-Fermă (Bucharest, Romania)

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    The 2001– 2004 archaeological excavations at Chitila-Fermă (Bucharest, Romania) uncovered features and archaeological materials attributed to 4th century BC– 1st century AD and the 2nd– 5th centuries AD. To the 2nd– 5th centuries AD were assigned a few osseous items interpreted by V. Boroneanț as bearing the remains of an ancient form of writing. This assemblage, curated nowadays at “ Vasile Pârvan” Institute of Archaeology in Bucharest makes the scope of the present paper. Our attempt focused on the morphology of the items and the operational sequence(s) they were subjected to prior to their discard. This inevitably led us to different conclusions regarding their function. Our own results, correlated to various publication and ethnographic parallels indicate they were used as anvils for sawtoothing iron sickles. Nevertheless, their presence at the site testifies to local metallurgical activities connected to the production and repairmen of iron sickles.Cercetările arheologice desfășurate în perioada 2001– 2004 în situl arheologic de la Chitila-Fermă (București, România) au adus la lumină complexe și materiale arheologice atribuite perioadelor IV î. Chr. – I d. Chr. și II– V d. Chr. Din acest ultim interval cronologic provin câteva piese de os considerate de V. Boroneanț ca purtătoare ale unei scrieri antice. Acest mic ansamblu de piese, aflat în momentul de față în colecțiile Institutului de Arheologie “ Vasile Pârvan” constituie subiectul prezentului articol. Demersul nostru s-a concentrat asupra morfologiei pieselor și a lanțului operațional al cărui rezultat sunt. Rezultatele obținute de noi precum și corelarea lor cu alte publicații și analogii etnografice indică însă utilizarea lor ca nicovale pentru lamele de seceră din fier. Prezența lor în situl de la Chitila-Fermă este extrem de semnificativă, indicând existența unor activități metalurgice de producție și reparație a acestui tip de unelte agricole.Mărgărit Monica, Bălășescu Adrian, Boroneanţ Adina. Reinterpreting an intriguing osseous assamblage from Chitila-Fermă (Bucharest, Romania). In: Materiale şi cercetãri arheologice (Serie nouã), H-S 2021. pp. 581-589

    Chameaux en Roumanie

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    Un nombre important de restes (186 spécimens) ont été accidentellement trouvés en 2008, pendant la construction d’une propriété privée dans le village d’Agighiol (Comté de Tulcea) dans une région qui n’avaient pas été répertorié pour son importance archéologique. Ce matériel a conduit à l’identification de restes de chameaux (155 os). Ce résultat est exceptionnel car les restes osseux de chameaux ont été seulement documenté dans deux autres localités en Roumanie, toutes deux des sites Romano-Byzantin de Dobroudja (9-12e siècles). Deux datations 14C obtenu sur les restes de chameau d’Agighiol situent l\u27animal durant le Moyen-Age, 17-18e siècles, reliant ainsi la présence du chameau à l’époque Ottomane en Roumanie et dans les pays adjacents. Les chameaux étaient présents en Dobroudja jusqu’au 19e siècle et le début du 20e siècle comme témoignent les photographie anciennes.A large number of animal remains (186 pieces) were accidentally discovered in 2008, during construction works on a private property in Agighiol village (Tulcea County), in an area previously unknown to have archaeological relevance. This material led to the identification of camel remains (155 bones), an exceptional result because camel material had been previously reported from only two other localities in Romania, both of them in Romano-Byzantine archaeological sites from Dobruja (9-12th centuries). Two 14C dates obtained on the camel remains from Agighiol place the animals in the Middle Ages, 17-18th centuries, thus relating the  presence of camels to Ottoman Turk influences. We review the archaeological record of camels from Roman until Ottoman times, in Romania and surrounding countries. Camels were encountered in Dobruja up to the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, as proven by old photographs.</p

    The deposition of dogs (Canis familiaris) at Satu Nou – Valea lui Voicu (Babadag culture)

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    Bălășescu Adrian, Ailincăi Sorin-Cristian. The deposition of dogs (Canis familiaris) at Satu Nou – Valea lui Voicu (Babadag culture). In: Materiale şi cercetãri arheologice (Serie nouã), N°16 2020. p. 1
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