GUIDELINES FOR A DIGITAL REINTERPRETATION OF ARCHITECTURAL RESTORATION WORK: REALITY-BASED MODELS AND REVERSE MODELLING TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO THE ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION OF THE TEATRO MARITTIMO, VILLA ADRIANA

The Maritime Theatre is one of the iconic buildings of Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli. The state of conservation of the theatre is not only the result of weathering over time, but also due to restoration work carried out during the Fifties of the past century. Although this anastylosis process had the virtue of partially restoring a few of the fragments of the compound's original image, it now reveals diverse inconsistencies and genuine errors in the reassembling of the fragments. This study aims at carrying out a digital reinterpretation of the restoration of the architectural fragments in relation to the architectural order, with particular reference to the miscellaneous decoration of the frieze of the Teatro Marittimo (vestibule and atrium). Over the course of the last few years the Teatro Marittimo has been the target of numerous surveying campaigns using digital methodology (laser scanner and photogrammetry SfM/MVS). Starting with the study of the remains of the opus caementicium on the ground, it is possible to identify surfaces which are then used in the model for subsequent cross sections, so as to achieve the best fitting circumferences to use as reference points to put the fragments back into place

VARIABLE LEVEL OF DETAIL IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL 3D MODELS OBTAINED THROUGH A DIGITAL SURVEY

[EN] This paper focuses on the use of information technologies in the field of archaeological representation. It is part of a series of studies on the VillaAdriana in Tivoli which have led us to investigate the decoration of the Maritime Theatre (Emperor Hadrian¿s personal residence) and other famous archaeological structures located within this UNESCO World Heritage listed site. The richness of detail that characterise the curved entablature pieces of this landmark building stimulated our research team 1 to develop new methods of representation, allowing the interactive assembling of digital models of a high geometric detail obtained by means of laser scanning. This article explains a new methodology for optimising digital survey data in the archaeological field which has previously been developed in other research sectors but not yet implemented in digital survey programs.[ES] Esta contribución, centrada en el uso de tecnologías informáticas para la representación, forma parte de una serie de estudios sobre la Villa Adriana en Tívoli, que nos han llevado a investigar la decoración del Teatro Marítimo, residencia personal del Emperador Adriano, así como otras famosas arquitecturas de este conjunto arqueológico perteneciente a la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial. La riqueza de detalles que caracteriza a las piezas del entablamento curvo de este emblemático edificio ha estimulado a nuestro equipo de investigación 1 para desarrollar nuevos métodos de representación, que permitan el uso interactivo de modelos digitales de alto detalle geométrico obtenidos con escáner laser. En este artículo se explicará una nueva metodología de optimización de los datos de levantamiento digital en el campo arqueológico, desarrollado en otros sectores de investigación, y que todavía no se han incluido en los programas para el levantamiento con escáner.Fantini, F. (2012). MODELOS CON NIVEL DE DETALLE VARIABLE REALIZADOS MEDIANTE UN LEVANTAMIENTO DIGITAL APLICADOS A LA ARQUEOLOGÍA. EGA. Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. 17(19):306-317. doi:10.4995/ega.2012.1383SWORD3063171719Adembri, B., 2010. La decorazione architettonica del Teatro Marittimo. En: Marina Sapelli Ragni, ed. 2010.Villa Adriana. Una storia mai finita. Electa, Milano, 2010.Apollonio, I., Gaiani, M., Manfredini, A.M., 2010. Modellazione semantica metodi a multirisoluzione. En: Benedetti, B., Gaiani, M., Remondino, F., ed. 2010. Modelli digitali 3D in archeologia: il caso di Pompei. Pisa. Edizioni della Normale.Battini, C., Fantini, F., 2007. Clouds and clay. Superfici di suddivisione e ottimizzazione. En: L. De Carlo, ed. 2007. Informatica e fondamenti scientifici della rappresentazione. Roma. Gangemi.Di Tondo, S., 2010. Modelli digitali per la comprensione dell'aspetto originario del manufatto: architettura e apparato decorativo del Teatro Marittimo a Villa Adriana. En: Mandelli, E., Velo, U.,ed. 2010. Il modello in architettura, cultura scientifica e rappresentazione. Firenze. Alinea.Gaiani, M., ed. 2006, La rappresentazione riconfigurata. Milano, Edizioni POLI.design.Guidi, G., Russo, M., Beraldin, J.A., 2010. Acquisizione 3D e modellazione poligonale. Milano. McGraw-Hill.Juan Vidal, F., Merlo, A., 2008. Nuevas aplicaciones del levantamiento integrado (rilievo). Arché, 2008, 3, p. 307-318.Lee, A., Moreton, H., & Hoppe, H. (2000). Displaced subdivision surfaces. Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH ’00. doi:10.1145/344779.344829Lévy, B. (2001). Constrained texture mapping for polygonal meshes. Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH ’01. doi:10.1145/383259.383308Migliari, R., ed. 2008, Prospettiva dinamica interattiva, la tecnologia dei videogiochi per l'esplorazione di modelli 3D di architettura. Roma, Edizioni Kappa.Piponi, D., & Borshukov, G. (2000). Seamless texture mapping of subdivision surfaces by model pelting and texture blending. Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH ’00. doi:10.1145/344779.34499

Entering the Emperor’s Villa: an integrated methodology to enrich cognitive accessibility of an archaeological site

The monumental entrance to the Imperial Villa at Tivoli, built by Emperor Hadrian (117-138 AD), is a part of the famous Palace that is currently inaccessible, even though it can be partially explored visually. Although today this access area does not have the same grandeur and monumentality as other areas of the Villa, it should be considered as one of the strategic points for understanding the complexity of the archaeological site. In fact, the area shows the coexistence of distributive paths with different functions, both for imperial and servant use, with structures built at different levels, not all visible to the visitor, especially without entering, but which are fundamental to the design of the imperial residence. All these structures in fact are important for a comprehensive understanding of the space and if completely ignored, would produce in the visitor an evident cognitive gap on some basic concepts of the whole Hadrian’s Villa.The research aims to provide an overall view of the access to Hadrian’s Villa by combining the 3D reality-based models of the site – which digital survey was carried out in August, 2022 – with a plausible reconstruction based on multidisciplinary studies, capable of providing the observer with an appropriate cognitive accessibility of the closed and non-visible areas through real-time online platforms, in order to promote a more inclusive virtual visit, also for non-ambulatory people and from unprecedented points of view. The basic idea of this contribution is therefore to structure, around the digital survey and the reliable 3D model of this area, a cognitive system for the interactive and perceptual enjoyment, in order to encourage the understanding of the area and provide guidelines for the future musealisation and educational applications, in anticipation of a possible inclusion of the site in the walkable visit tour.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.3 </p

Glycocalyx and sepsis-induced alterations in vascular permeability

Endothelial cells line the inner portion of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; a basal membrane of extracellular matrix lines the extraluminal side of endothelial cells. The apical side of endothelial cells is the site for the glycocalyx, which is a complex network of macromolecules, including cell-bound proteoglycans and sialoproteins. Sepsis-associated alterations of this structure may compromise endothelial permeability with associated interstitial fluid shift and generalized edema. Indeed, in sepsis, the glycocalyx acts as a target for inflammatory mediators and leukocytes, and its ubiquitous nature explains the damage of tissues that occurs distant from the original site of infection. Inflammatory-mediated injury to glycocalyx can be responsible for a number of specific clinical effects of sepsis, including acute kidney injury, respiratory failure, and hepatic dysfunction. Moreover, some markers of glycocalyx degradation, such as circulating levels of syndecan or selectins, may be used as markers of endothelial dysfunction and sepsis severity. Although a great deal of experimental evidence shows that alteration of glycocalyx is widely involved in endothelial damage caused by sepsis, therapeutic strategies aiming at preserving its integrity did not significantly improve the outcome of these patients

Sialic acids regulate microvessel permeability, revealed by novel in vivo studies of endothelial glycocalyx structure and function

The endothelial glycocalyx forms a continuous coat over the luminal surface of all vessels, and regulates multiple vascular functions. The contribution of individual components of the endothelial glycocalyx to one critical vascular function, microvascular permeability, remains unclear. We developed novel, real time, paired methodologies to study the contribution of sialic acids within the endothelial glycocalyx to the structural and functional permeability properties of the same microvessel in vivo. Single perfused rat mesenteric microvessels were perfused with fluorescent endothelial cell membrane and glycocalyx labels, and imaged with confocal microscopy. A broad range of glycocalyx depth measurements (0.17–3.02μm) were obtained with different labels, imaging techniques and analysis methods. The distance between peak cell membrane and peak glycocalyx label provided the most reliable measure of endothelial glycocalyx anatomy, correlating with paired, numerically smaller values of endothelial glycocalyx depth (0.078±0.016μm) from electron micrographs of the same portion of the same vessel. Disruption of sialic acid residues within the endothelial glycocalyx using neuraminidase perfusion decreased endothelial glycocalyx depth and increased apparent solute permeability to albumin in the same vessels in a timedependent manner, with changes in all three true vessel wall permeability coefficients (hydraulic conductivity, reflection coefficient, and diffusive solute permeability). These novel technologies expand the range of techniques that permit direct studies of the structure of the endothelial glycocalyx and dependent microvascular functions in vivo, and demonstrate that sialic acid residues within the endothelial glycocalyx are critical regulators of microvascular permeability to both water and albumin

Erythropoietin: A potent inducer of peripheral immuno/inflammatory modulation in autoimmune EAE

Background: Beneficial effects of short-term erythropoietin (EPO) theraphy have been demonstrated in several animal models of acute neurologic injury, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE)-the animal model of multiple sclerosis. We have found that EPO treatment substantially reduces the acute clinical paralysis seen EAE mice and this improvements is accompanied by a large reduction in the mononuclear cell infiltration and downregulation of glial MHC class II expression within the inflamed CNS. Other reports have recently indicated that peripherally generated anti-inflammatory CD4 +Foxp3 3 regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the IL17-producing CD4+ T helper cell (Th17) subpopulations play key antagonistic roles in EAE pathogenesis. However, no information regardind the effects of EPO theraphy on the behavior of the general mononuclear-lymphocyte population, Tregs or Th17 cells in EAE has emerged. Methods and Findings: We first determined in vivo that EPO theraphy markedly suppressed MOG specific T cell proliferation and sharply reduced the number of reactive dendritic cells (CD11c positive) in EAE lumph modes during both inductive and later symptomatic phases of MOG 35-55 induced EAE. We then determined the effect in vivo of EPO on numbers of peripheral Treg cells and Th17 cells. We found that EPO treatment modulated immune balance in both the periphery and the inflamed spinal cord by promoting a large expansion in Treg cells, inhibiting Th17 polarization and abrogating proliferation of the antigen presenting dendritic cell population. Finally we utilized tissue culture assays to show that exposure to EPO in vitro similarly downregulated MOG-specific T cell proliferation and also greatly suppressed T cell production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings reveal an important new locus whereby EPO induces substantial long-term tissue protection in the host through signalling to several critical subsets of immune cells that reside in the peripheral lymphatic system.published_or_final_versio