La personalidad en el marco de una teoría del comportamiento humano

Esta obra ofrece una alternativa a los estudios sobre la personalidad realizados desde la perspectiva de la psicología del rasgo, planteando un enfoque de la misma que enmarca la psicología de la personalidad en una teoría de la conducta. Su objetivo es la interpretación de los conocimientos que se poseen sobre la personalidad de los individuos basándose en los planteamientos de la psicología conductua

Comparison of seven prognostic tools to identify low-risk pulmonary embolism in patients aged <50 years

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Association Between Preexisting Versus Newly Identified Atrial Fibrillation and Outcomes of Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) may exist before or occur early in the course of pulmonary embolism (PE). We determined the PE outcomes based on the presence and timing of AF. Methods and Results Using the data from a multicenter PE registry, we identified 3 groups: (1) those with preexisting AF, (2) patients with new AF within 2 days from acute PE (incident AF), and (3) patients without AF. We assessed the 90-day and 1-year risk of mortality and stroke in patients with AF, compared with those without AF (reference group). Among 16 497 patients with PE, 792 had preexisting AF. These patients had increased odds of 90-day all-cause (odds ratio [OR], 2.81; 95% CI, 2.33-3.38) and PE-related mortality (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.37-4.14) and increased 1-year hazard for ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 5.48; 95% CI, 3.10-9.69) compared with those without AF. After multivariable adjustment, preexisting AF was associated with significantly increased odds of all-cause mortality (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.57-2.32) but not PE-related mortality (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.85-2.66). Among 16 497 patients with PE, 445 developed new incident AF within 2 days of acute PE. Incident AF was associated with increased odds of 90-day all-cause (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.75-2.97) and PE-related (OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 2.01-6.59) mortality but not stroke. Findings were similar in multivariable analyses. Conclusions In patients with acute symptomatic PE, both preexisting AF and incident AF predict adverse clinical outcomes. The type of adverse outcomes may differ depending on the timing of AF onset.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

DAI: sistema basado en conocimiento para diagnóstico de autismo. Una aproximación al razonamiento diagnóstico en psicología

Tesis doctoral inédita, leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, 199

Sistemas expertos y psicología cognitiva

El presente trabajo intenta ofrecer una visión sintética del tema de los sistemas expertos que trata de hacer hincapié en aquellos aspectos de este campo que pudieran resultar más relevantes para el psicólogo interesado en la cognición. Se traza un breve esbozo del marco cientifico-técnico de la inteligencia artificial en general, a partir del cual se intenta caracterizar a los sistemas expertos desde dos puntos de vista principales: en primer lugar, el tipo de problemas y tareas a los que se destinan dichos sistemas y, en segundo lugar, la estructura computacional subyacente que ha permitido abordarlos con éxito. Se discute la relación histórico-cientifica entre la inteligencia artificial y la psicología cognitiva, observándose que se ha producido un flujo constante y bidireccional de conceptos teóricos, métodos y problemas conceptuales de una a otra, especialmente en el actual marco interdisciplinar de la ciencia cognitiva. Dado este contexto, se argumenta que es muy posible que los sistemas expertos aporten novedades conceptuales y metodológicas significativas para la Psicologiía. Por último, se especula sobre algunas cuestiones en las que podría tener lugar tal contribución.The present paper introduces a brief survey of the field of expert systems, biased towards the topics that appear as more relevant to psychologists concerned with cognition. A sketch is presented of the scientific and technical framework of general artificial intelligence, and, using it as a background, an attempt is made to characterize expert systems from two main standpoints: first, the sort of problems and tasks to which such systems are assigned and, second, the underlying computational structures that enable them to deal with those problems and tasks succesfully. The historical and scientific relationship between artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology is discussed, pointing that there has been a regular interchange of theoretical concepts, methods and problems, specially within the interdisciplinary framework of cognitive science. It is subsequently claimed that expert systems might well entail significant contributions to psychology. Finally, some speculations are made about the issues in which such contributions might take plac

La investigación del razonamiento clínico en médicos y psicólogos: un análisis metodológico

Con las I Jornadas de Psicología del Pensamiento se pretendió llevar a cabo una reunión científica que sirviese de punto de encuentro a profesores e investigadores, de las distintas Universidades españolas, que trabajan eneste área de conocimiento. La reunión tuvo los siguientes objetivos: 1) proporcionar un foro de debate sobre los trabajos de investigación que se está llevando a cabo en nuestro país en torno a los temas relacionados con pensamiento, 2) fomentar la reflexión sobre temas relacionados con la docencia de la asignatura, y 3) favorecer las relaciones personales y propiciar futuras colaboraciones entre los profesionales que se dedican a la Psicología del Pensamiento. Las I Jornadas de Psicología del Pensamiento se celebraron en la Facultad de Psicología, de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, los días 22 y 23 de junio de 1998. Estas jornadas estuvieron coordinadas por el Departamento de Psicología Social y Básica de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela y el Departamento de Psicología Básica de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

Characteristics, complications and outcomes among 1549 patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in a secondary hospital in Madrid, Spain: a retrospective case series study

Objectives To describe demographic, clinical, radiological and laboratory characteristics, as well as outcomes, of patients admitted for COVID-19 in a secondary hospital.Design and setting Retrospective case series of sequentially hospitalised patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2, at Infanta Leonor University Hospital (ILUH) in Madrid, Spain.Participants All patients attended at ILUH testing positive to reverse transcriptase-PCR on nasopharyngeal swabs and diagnosed with COVID-19 between 1 March 2020 and 28 May 2020.Results A total of 1549 COVID-19 cases were included (median age 69 years (IQR 55.0–81.0), 57.5% men). 78.2% had at least one underlying comorbidity, the most frequent was hypertension (55.8%). Most frequent symptoms at presentation were fever (75.3%), cough (65.7%) and dyspnoea (58.1%). 81 (5.8%) patients were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) (median age 62 years (IQR 51–71); 74.1% men; median length of stay 9 days (IQR 5–19)) 82.7% of them needed invasive ventilation support. 1393 patients had an outcome at the end of the study period (case fatality ratio: 21.2% (296/1393)). The independent factors associated with fatality (OR; 95% CI): age (1.07; 1.06 to 1.09), male sex (2.86; 1.85 to 4.50), neurological disease (1.93; 1.19 to 3.13), chronic kidney disease (2.83; 1.40 to 5.71) and neoplasia (4.29; 2.40 to 7.67). The percentage of hospital beds occupied with COVID-19 almost doubled (702/361), with the number of patients in ICU quadrupling its capacity (32/8). Median length of stay was 9 days (IQR 6–14).Conclusions This study provides clinical characteristics, complications and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 admitted to a European secondary hospital. Fatal outcomes were similar to those reported by hospitals with a higher level of complexity

Impact of sex, age, and risk factors for venous thromboembolism on the initial presentation of first isolated symptomatic acute deep vein thrombosis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Sex-specific differences exist for the initial presentation of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE): men are more likely to present with proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower limbs (versus pulmonary embolism [PE] or isolated distal DVT [IDDVT]) than women. We studied in detail the influence of sex, age, and VTE risk factors on the initial presentation of IDDVT versus proximal DVT. METHODS: A total of 24,911 patients with a first episode of objectively diagnosed acute symptomatic lower-limb DVT (without symptomatic PE) were enrolled in RIETE (years 2000-2017) and included in the present analysis. RESULTS: A total of 4266 (17.1%) patients had IDDVT. No trend for more IDDVT diagnoses was observed over time. Women aged 40-69 had a higher proportion of IDDVT, especially between 40 and 49 years (+6.7%; 95CI +3.7%; +9.9%), whereas men had more often proximal DVT. The presenting location of first acute DVT depended on sex, age, and the prevalence and type of VTE risk factors. Recent surgery was independently associated with a diagnosis of IDDVT in both women and men, whereas active cancer and pregnancy were associated with proximal DVT. CONCLUSIONS: The interaction between age and VTE risk factors influences the presenting location (distal versus proximal) of the first acute lower-limb DVT observed in women and men. Our observations extend to IDDVT the concept that different clinical manifestations of acute VTE may not fully share the same pathophysiological mechanisms: this contributes to explain sex-specific prognostic differences.status: publishe