7,246 research outputs found
Framing Effects in Riskless Decisions: Discounting of Temporally Delayed Outcomes
Studies of riskless choice in both cognitive (Stevenson, 1986) and behavioral paradigms (Chung & Herrnstein, 1967) have found that subjects prefer temporally delayed losses and temporally advanced gains. Analogously, studies of risky choice have found that subjects prefer risky losses and certain gains (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981). Because probability is conceptually identical to the inverse of delay, it was recently suggested that these findings were descriptions of the same choice process (Rachlin, Logue, Gibbon, & Frankel, 1986). There were two goals of the present investigation. The first was to replicate and extend, through the use of a withinsubjects design, the finding that subjects prefer delayed gains and immediate losses. The second was to test the applicability of the prospect theory value function in a choice context involving temporally delayed financial options. Subjects showed strong preferences for immediate gains and delayed losses, but there was not support for the prospect theory value function in a riskless context involving temporal delays
What is the uncertainty in degree day projections due to different 2 calibration methodologies?
Effects of Solution Elicitation Aids and Need for Cognition on the Generation of Solutions to Ill-Structured Problems
Numerous techniques have been proposed to assist problem solvers in the solution generation process. We empirically examined the effectiveness of a solution elicitation technique based on the presentation of problem objectives and also examined whether the technique was effective across individual differences in need for cognition (NC). We found that when two conflicting objectives were presented successively, more solutions, more categories of solutions, and more effective solutions were generated than when the same two objectives were presented simultaneously or not at all. However, the results indicated that effective solutions may be more efficiently generated by considering objectives simultaneously. Need for cognition was positively related to measures of divergent thinking, and the presentation of objectives was particularly effective as a solution elicitation aid for individuals with low NC. Implications for creative problem-solving research and practice are discussed
Alcohol and Its Relationship to Family Work Conflict
Alcohol has tension reducing properties, and there is evidence that people consume alcohol to reduce stressors in their lives. Conflict between work and family is a common stressor for workers. This project analyzes the relationship between work-family conflict and alcohol consumption in a sample of 81 non-professional working parents. Contrary to our hypothesis, work-family conflict was not related to either the quantity or frequency of alcohol consumption. In contrast, family-to-work conflict was related to lower alcohol consumption
Radio Interferometric Planet Search II: Constraints on sub-Jupiter-Mass Companions to GJ 896A
We present results from the Radio Interferometric Planet (RIPL) search for
compan- ions to the nearby star GJ 896A. We present 11 observations over 4.9
years. Fitting astrometric parameters to the data reveals a residual with
peak-to-peak amplitude of ~ 3 mas in right ascension. This residual is well-fit
by an acceleration term of 0.458 \pm 0.032 mas/y^2. The parallax is fit to an
accuracy of 0.2 mas and the proper motion terms are fit to accuracies of 0.01
mas/y. After fitting astrometric and acceleration terms residuals are 0.26 mas
in each coordinate, demonstrating that stellar jitter does not limit the
ability to carry out radio astrometric planet detection and characterization.
The acceleration term originates in part from the companion GJ 896B but the
amplitude of the acceleration in declination is not accurately predicted by the
orbital model. The acceleration sets a mass upper limit of 0.15 MJ at a
semi-major axis of 2 AU for a planetary companion to GJ 896A. For semi-major
axes between 0.3 and 2 AU upper limits are determined by the maximum angular
separation; the upper limits scale from the minimum value in proportion to the
inverse of the radius. Upper limits at larger radii are set by the acceleration
and scale as the radius squared. An improved solution for the stellar binary
system could improve the exoplanet mass sensitivity by an order of magnitude.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap
Weak axial nuclear heavy meson exchange currents and interactions of solar neutrinos with deuterons
Starting from the axial heavy meson exchange currents, constructed earlier in
conjunction with the Bethe--Salpeter equation, we first present the axial
--, -- and meson exchange Feynman amplitudes that satisfy
the partial conservation of the axial current. Employing these amplitudes, we
derive the corresponding weak axial heavy meson exchange currents in the
leading order in the 1/M expansion ( is the nucleon mass), suitable for the
nuclear physics calculations beyond the threshold energies and with wave
functions obtained by solving the Schr\"odinger equation with one--boson
exchange potentials. The constructed currents obey the nuclear form of the
partial conservation of the axial current. We apply the space component of
these currents in calculations of the cross sections for the disintegration of
deuterons by low energy (anti)neutrinos. The deuteron and the final state
nucleon--nucleon wave functions are derived (i) from a variant of the OBEPQB
potential, and (ii) from the Nijmegen 93 and Nijmegen I nucleon-nucleon
interaction. The extracted values of the constant , entering the
axial exchange currents of the pionless effective field theory, are in a
reasonable agreement with its value predicted by the dimensional analysis.Comment: 34 pages, 3 figures, 11 table
The driver landscape of sporadic chordoma.
Chordoma is a malignant, often incurable bone tumour showing notochordal differentiation. Here, we defined the somatic driver landscape of 104 cases of sporadic chordoma. We reveal somatic duplications of the notochordal transcription factor brachyury (T) in up to 27% of cases. These variants recapitulate the rearrangement architecture of the pathogenic germline duplications of T that underlie familial chordoma. In addition, we find potentially clinically actionable PI3K signalling mutations in 16% of cases. Intriguingly, one of the most frequently altered genes, mutated exclusively by inactivating mutation, was LYST (10%), which may represent a novel cancer gene in chordoma.Chordoma is a rare often incurable malignant bone tumour. Here, the authors investigate driver mutations of sporadic chordoma in 104 cases, revealing duplications in notochordal transcription factor brachyury (T), PI3K signalling mutations, and mutations in LYST, a potential novel cancer gene in chordoma
Production, Decay, and Polarization of Excited Heavy Hadrons
We discuss the production via fragmentation of excited heavy mesons and
baryons, and their subsequent decay. In particular, we consider the question of
whether a net polarization of the initial heavy quark may be detected, either
in a polarization of the final ground state or in anisotropies in the decay
products of the excited hadron. The result hinges in part on a nonperturbative
parameter which measures the net transverse alignment of the light degrees of
freedom in the fragmentation process. We use existing data on charmed mesons to
extract this quantity for certain excited mesons. Using this result, we
estimate the polarization retention of charm and bottom baryons.Comment: 37 pages, 3 figures available upon request, uses phyzzx forma
Effect of a Hospital and Postdischarge Quality Improvement Intervention on Clinical Outcomes and Quality of Care for Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: The CONNECT-HF Randomized Clinical Trial
Importance: Adoption of guideline-directed medical therapy for patients with heart failure is variable. Interventions to improve guideline-directed medical therapy have failed to consistently achieve target metrics, and limited data exist to inform efforts to improve heart failure quality of care.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of a hospital and postdischarge quality improvement intervention compared with usual care on heart failure outcomes and care.
Design, Setting, and Participants: This cluster randomized clinical trial was conducted at 161 US hospitals and included 5647 patients (2675 intervention vs 2972 usual care) followed up after a hospital discharge for acute heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The trial was performed from 2017 to 2020, and the date of final follow-up was August 31, 2020.
Interventions: Hospitals (n = 82) randomized to a hospital and postdischarge quality improvement intervention received regular education of clinicians by a trained group of heart failure and quality improvement experts and audit and feedback on heart failure process measures (eg, use of guideline-directed medical therapy for HFrEF) and outcomes. Hospitals (n = 79) randomized to usual care received access to a generalized heart failure education website.
Main Outcomes and Measures: The coprimary outcomes were a composite of first heart failure rehospitalization or all-cause mortality and change in an opportunity-based composite score for heart failure quality (percentage of recommendations followed).
Results: Among 5647 patients (mean age, 63 years; 33% women; 38% Black; 87% chronic heart failure; 49% recent heart failure hospitalization), vital status was known for 5636 (99.8%). Heart failure rehospitalization or all-cause mortality occurred in 38.6% in the intervention group vs 39.2% in usual care (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.81 to 1.05). The baseline quality-of-care score was 42.1% vs 45.5%, respectively, and the change from baseline to follow-up was 2.3% vs -1.0% (difference, 3.3% [95% CI, -0.8% to 7.3%]), with no significant difference between the 2 groups in the odds of achieving a higher composite quality score at last follow-up (adjusted odds ratio, 1.06 [95% CI, 0.93 to 1.21]).
Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with HFrEF in hospitals randomized to a hospital and postdischarge quality improvement intervention vs usual care, there was no significant difference in time to first heart failure rehospitalization or death, or in change in a composite heart failure quality-of-care score.
Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03035474
Limits on WWgamma and WWZ Couplings from W Boson Pair Production
The results of a search for W boson pair production in pbar-p collisions at
sqrt{s}=1.8 TeV with subsequent decay to emu, ee, and mumu channels are
presented. Five candidate events are observed with an expected background of
3.1+-0.4 events for an integrated luminosity of approximately 97 pb^{-1}.
Limits on the anomalous couplings are obtained from a maximum likelihood fit of
the E_T spectra of the leptons in the candidate events. Assuming identical
WWgamma and WWZ couplings, the 95 % C.L. limits are -0.62<Delta_kappa<0.77
(lambda = 0) and -0.53<lambda<0.56 (Delta_kappa = 0) for a form factor scale
Lambda = 1.5 TeV.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure, submitted to Physical Review
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