Morphometric evaluation of the body and odontoid process of the axis vertebra and its clinical significance. A cross-sectional anatomical study.

Introduction: The axis, which is the second cervical vertebra, serves as a pivot, allowing the atlas to rotate and support the head. Despite its small size, this area can lead to significant complications because of the intricate anatomy of the cranio-cervical junction. The axis vertebra is distinct because it features a dens or odontoid process. Fractures of the dens in the axis account for 7–27% of all cervical spine fractures. Surgical procedures in the craniovertebral region carry a high risk, as vertebral artery injury is common. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the anatomy of the body and the odontoid process of the axis vertebra is essential.  Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out using fifty-two intact dry human axis vertebrae of unspecified sex. Measurements of the body and odontoid process of these vertebrae were obtained with a digital vernier caliper, which has an accuracy of up to 0.01mm. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Version 21.  Results: The body of the axis vertebra measured as follows: mean length of the body, 14.93±1.11 mm; vertebral body superior width, 15.79±1.76 mm; vertebral body inferior width, 16.22±1.31 mm; vertebral body anterior height, 18.69±2.17 mm; and vertebral body posterior height, 15.96±1.89 mm. The odontoid process of the axis vertebra measured as follows: odontoid process height, 17.60±1.94 mm; odontoid process anteroposterior diameter, 10.61±0.85 mm; maximum transverse diameter of the odontoid process, 9.78±0.93 mm; minimum transverse diameter of the odontoid process, 8.53±0.82 mm; atlanto-odontoid facet height, 9.67±1.43 mm; and atlanto-odontoid facet width, 7.86±0.90.  Conclusion: These measurements are essential for the safe and effective application of modern orthopedic techniques. This data helps surgeons in reducing complications such as vertebral artery injury and other vital structures during surgical procedures in the cranio-vertebral region.  Recommendations: Future studies should include larger, diverse samples with radiologic correlation

A Survey of Ocean Simulation and Rendering Techniques in Computer Graphics

This paper presents a survey of ocean simulation and rendering methods in computer graphics. To model and animate the ocean's surface, these methods mainly rely on two main approaches: on the one hand, those which approximate ocean dynamics with parametric, spectral or hybrid models and use empirical laws from oceanographic research. We will see that this type of methods essentially allows the simulation of ocean scenes in the deep water domain, without breaking waves. On the other hand, physically-based methods use Navier-Stokes Equations (NSE) to represent breaking waves and more generally ocean surface near the shore. We also describe ocean rendering methods in computer graphics, with a special interest in the simulation of phenomena such as foam and spray, and light's interaction with the ocean surface

Aerosol propellants leading to factitious reading by gas monitoring

A well-equipped Anaesthesia workstation is boon for safe anaesthesia practice. Anaesthesia agent gas monitoring has become an integral part of intraoperative monitoring. The infrared analyzers are commonly used for measuring anaesthetic agents. These advanced gas monitoring devices help in accurate titration of delivery of anaesthetics to patients particularly at low flows. However as with any technology, gas monitoring is also associated with inherent errors. Newer aerosol propellants like hydro-flouro- alkanes (HFA) are known to cause erroneous detection of inhalational anaesthetic agents during general anaesthesia

Improve the Performance of Cluster Head and Network Life time Using Fuzzy Logic

Gathering is one of the most influential methods that can position the system process in related manner to join the network scalability, moderate vigor ingesting, and attain lengthy network lifetime. To overcome this subject, present academics have activated the proposal of many clustering algorithms. Though, most of the future algorithms overload the cluster head (CH) throughout cluster formation. To overwhelm this problematic, many investigators have originated up with the impression of fuzzy logic (FL), which is practical in WSN for choice making. These procedures focus on the ability of CH, which could be adoptive, flexible, and bright suitable to allocate the weight among the sensor nodes that can improve the network lifetime

Surface Termination and Band Alignment in 2D Heterostructures

Heterostructures are ubiquitous in many optoelectronic devices and as photocatalysts. One of the key features of a heterojunction is the proper band alignment between the two materials. Estimation of the correct relative band positions with density functional theory (DFT) based electronic structure calculations is often constrained by the accuracy and cost associated with the various DFT functionals. In this study, we introduce a novel computational approach that achieves band alignments closely matching experimental results with the widely used PBE functional. We specifically examine the well-documented MoO3/MoS2 system, a type-II heterojunction. In our setup, the MoS2 layers are kept as it is but for MoO3 the individual layers are chosen differently. These alternative layers have higher surface energy, and hence, the band edges are higher than the conventional layers. This shift in band edges of the alternative MoO3 layers changes the band alignment in MoO3/MoS2 heterojunction from type-III to the experimentally observed type-II character. We also extend this computational strategy to additional systems, demonstrating its versatility and effectiveness

Dynamic Power channel for force using so as to mold Space Vector Modulation controller

In this undertaking, introduces a control system for cross breed dynamic force channel utilizing Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM). In the proposed control system, the Active Power Filter (APF) reference voltage vector is created rather than the reference current, and the sought APF yield voltage is produced by SVPWM. Legitimate controller is created to keep up force quality with APF. Uninvolved channels have a few downsides, which may bring about consonant connection with the utility issues with the utility framework, in the vicinity of solid utility sharp tuning of the LC channel is required and may not meet the predetermined symphonious current breaking points. Presently we have awesome test is to examination of a dynamic channel topology, which is for all intents and purposes practical, financially savvy and can meet the prescribed standard for high power nonlinear burdens. Along these lines, in this venture, another controller is proposed to keep up great force quality. The proposed framework is a control approach for the APF utilizing SVPWM. This system requires couple of sensors, straightforward in calculation and ready to remunerate sounds and lopsided burdens. In the proposed system producing APF reference voltage vector rather than reference current, and creating fancied APF yield voltage by Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) taking into account created reference voltage. In this manner, the proposed strategy is straightforward and simple to complete. Voltage current wave structures are contorted on account of a heap which differs with time and loads which are nonlinear. Abundance power misfortunes, warming in turning machine, sounds reverberation, and obstruction with correspondence circuit, discernable clamor and off base operation of touchy burdens is because of symphonious contortion. Symphonious current which are produced nonlinear Loads, are consumed by LC tuned channel. Dynamic channel is exceptionally solid and has likewise low thrown yet inactive channel may have symphonious connection with utility framework additionally sharp tuning are required and current utmost are not got. Their fundamental favorable position is high unwavering quality and minimal effort. On the other hand, latent channels have a few disadvantages, which may bring about consonant association with the utility. This prompts creation of Active channel which give standard to nonlinear burdens. In light of high evaluating, high exchanging recurrence in PWM inverter dynamic channel is not practical

A novel mine blast optimization algorithm (MBOA) based MPPT controlling for grid-PV systems

One of the most important areas in today's world is meeting the energy needs of various resources provided by nature. The advantages of renewable energy sources for many application sectors have attracted a lot of attention. The majority of grid-based enterprises use solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to collect sunlight as a reliable energy source. Due to solar PV's simple accessibility and efficient panel design, it is widely used in a variety of application scenarios. By employing the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique, the PV modules can typically operate at their best rate and draw the most power possible from the solar system. Some hybrid control mechanisms are utilized in solar PV systems in traditional works, which has limitations on the problems of increased time consumption, decreased efficiency, and increased THD. Thus, a new Mine Blast Optimization Algorithm (MBOA) based MPPT controlling model is developed to maximize the electrical energy produced by the PV panels under a different climatic situations. Also, an interleaved Luo DC-DC converter is used to significantly improve the output voltage of a PV system with a lower switching frequency. A sophisticated converter and regulating models are being created to effectively meet the energy demand of grid systems. The voltage source inverter is used to lower the level of harmonics and ensure the grid systems' power quality. Various performance indicators are applied to assess the simulation and comparative results of the proposed MBOA-MPPT controlling technique integrated with an interleaved Luo converter

A malignant wheeze!

Asthma is a common disorder presenting with nonspecific features, which may mimic other conditions such as tracheal tumors. Tracheal tumors are often misdiagnosed as asthma. We report a case of a 38-year female who was being worked up for persistent wheeze that was initially attributed to acute asthma, only to be later discovered as tracheal tumor. A high index of suspicion for alternative diagnoses must be kept in mind while evaluating a patient who presents with clinical features suggestive of asthma, but fails to respond to standard therapy. The present case report emphasizes the fact that not all wheezes are asthma