STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS PLANKTON DI PERAIRAN HUTAN MANGROVE SUNGAI CIKOLOMBERAN, LEUWEUNG SANCANG

Salah satu hutan mangrove yang terdapat di daerah Jawa Barat terletak di Hutan Cagar Alam Leuweung Sancang. Perairan hutan mangrove memiliki ciri khas yang unik karena sangat dipengaruhi oleh fluktuasi faktor fisik dan kimiawi yang disebabkan oleh pasang surut air laut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian mengenai struktur komunitas plankton yang meliputi beberapa karakteristik yakni kelimpahan, komposisi, keragaman, keseragaman, dan dominansi. Penelitian ini dilakukan di perairan hutan mangrove riverine Sungai Cikolomberan, Leuweung Sancang. Stasiun pencuplikan dibagi menjadi lima stasiun berdasarkan rona lingkungan (purposive sampling method). Pada setiap stasiun dibagi menjadi tiga titik pencuplikan secara random yang mewakili pinggir dan tengah sungai. Hasil penelitian yang didapat adalah ditemukannya 77 spesies plankton yang terdiri dari 51 spesies (5 kelas) fitoplankton dan 26 spesies (6 filum) zooplankton. Komposisi fitoplankton yang paling berlimpah adalah Cyanophyceae, sedangkan komposisi zooplankton yang paling berlimpah adalah Arthropoda. Keragaman jenis masih dikategorikan sedang dan nilai kemerataannya tinggi, sehingga dianggap jumlah antar individu jenis merata, serta tidak terjadi dominansi dari suatu jenis tertentu. Struktur komunitas plankton sangat dipengaruhi oleh fluktuasi faktor fisik dan kimiawi seperti, kecepatan arus, kedalaman perairan, salinitas, intensitas cahaya, dan zat hara yang terlarut di perairan sungai. Faktor yang paling memberi konstribusi adalah kecepatan arus(KV = 1,48). Mangrove forest waters had plenty characteristic which is affected by fluctuation of physical and chemical factors. Research on structure of plankton communities in mangrove forest water can be seen from some characteristic such as abundance, composisition, diversity, evenness, and dominance. This study was conducted in riverine mangrove forest waters of Cikolomberan River, Leuweung Sancang which is one of mangrove forest is located at West Java. Study site included five stations based on different environmental feature. Each station divided into randomly three points area which represented riversides and middles. The result showed that in mangrove forest waters of Cikolomberan River found 77 species of plankton which composed by 51 species of phytoplankton (5 classes) and 26 spesies of zooplankton (6 phylum). The most abundant of phytoplankton composisition was Cyanophyceae, meanwhile the most abundant of zooplankton was Arthropod. The diversity of plankton was moderate and the evenness value was high. Both of the values showed that a amount of individual species of plankton was uniform and no spesies dominating the waters. The plankton communities were very influenced by physical and chemical flutuative factors such as water flow, waters depth, salinity, light intensity, and dissolved nutrient in river. Water flow is the most influence factor (KV = 1,48)

Chlorogenic acid in preventing and curing ultraviolet-induced damage in human skin fibroblast as an antiaging cell model

Continuous ultraviolet (UV) irradiation stimulates the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to cause degenerative diseases. Chlorogenic acid (CA) is found as plants antioxidant that promises medicinal effects. This study examined CA protection against UV-damage in human skin fibroblast (BJ) cells both for curative and preventive therapy. BJ cells were exposed to UV radiation and the addition of CA (6.26-100 mikro g/mL) by preventive and curative addition methods. The cells viability analysis was conducted employing MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxy-phenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay. CA treatment before UV exposure exhibited an increased percentage of viability cells than the positive control. In detail, the series of CA concentration (6.25, 12.5, and 25 mikro g/mL) significantly enhanced the percentage of viable cells. The addition of CA after UV exposure denoted the same results. Furthermore, the lower CA concentrations used, the higher cell viability resulted. CA at dose 6.25 mikro g/mL showed the highest viability in cells, while CA 100 mikro g/mL resulted in the lowest viability. In short, CA can preserve and treat cells from UV exposure. The outcome suggested prevention and curative on UV-induced BJ cells, and the tested concentration is applicable for further experiments

Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential of Raja Bulu Banana Peel and Heart (Musa acuminata Colla (AAB group)) Ethanol Extracts in MCF-7 Cell Lines

Breast cancer is an uncontrolled cell growth in breast tissue. Surgical treatments of breast cancer can reduce breast aesthetics and chemotherapy can cause severe side effects. It makes the searches for plants as breast anticancer agents intensively carried out. Several studies have shown that banana peels and hearts possess antioxidant and anticancer activity. This study aims to determine the fruit peel and heart of Raja Bulu banana (Musa acuminata Colla (AAB group)), an endemic banana species in Indonesia, potential as antioxidant and anticancer agent in MCF-7 cells. Antioxidant potential was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity assay. Anticancer potential was determined by cytotoxic test using MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium). The results showed that 70% ethanol extract of fruit peel (PBEE) and heart (HBEE) of Raja Bulu banana had median inhibition concentration (IC50) for DPPH scavenging activity at 115.32 µg/mL and 162.52 µg/mL respectively, while for H2O2 scavenging activity at 624.80 µg/mL and 497.13 µg/mL respectively. Anticancer potential was expressed by inhibiting concentration of 50% proliferation (IC50) of MCF-7 cells for PBEE and HBEE were 115.001 µg/mL and 338.469 µg/mL respectively. This study showed that PBEE and HBEE have antioxidant and anticancer

Induction of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Chondrocytes by Interleukin IL-1β as an Osteoarthritis Model

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease of the joints and bones due to trauma or other joint-related diseases (secondary). Synovial inflammation commonly causes disturbance in joint homeostasis, which is associated with OA. Enzymes such as aggrecanase and metalloproteinase generate cartilage damage, mediated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, are responsible for regulation of the extracellular matrix, cartilage degradation, and apoptosis of chondrocytes. This study aimed to observe the cell viability and expression level of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-3) and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinases (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) in human chondrocyte cells (CHON-002) induced by IL-1β. CHON-002 was induced with IL-1β (0.1, 1 and 10 ng/mL) as an OA model. The viability of the cells was measured with a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxyme-thoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetra zolium (MTS) assay, while expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2, was evaluated by RT-PCR. The viability of IL-1β-induced CHON-002 (CHON-002- IL-1β) cells at day 1 and 5 showed that treatment with up to 10 ng/mL of IL-1β was not toxic. Expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in CHON-002-IL-1β was lower compared to control, while that of MMP-1 and MMP-3 was higher compared to control. These results indicate that CHON-002 treated with 10 ng/mL IL-1β has expression patterns consistent with chondrocyte damage, so the CHON-002-IL-1β system may serve as a model for MMP induction in OA

Chlorogenic acid in preventing and curing ultraviolet-induced damage in human skin fibroblast as an antiaging cell model

Continuous ultraviolet (UV) irradiation stimulates the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to cause degenerative diseases. Chlorogenic acid (CA) is found as plants antioxidant that promises medicinal effects. This study examined CA protection against UV-damage in human skin fibroblast (BJ) cells both for curative and preventive therapy. BJ cells were exposed to UV radiation and the addition of CA (6.26-100 μg/mL) by preventive and curative addition methods. The cells viability analysis was conducted employing MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxy-phenyl)- 2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) assay. CA treatment before UV exposure exhibited an increased percentage of viability cells than the positive control. In detail, the series of CA concentration (6.25, 12.5, and 25 μg/mL) significantly enhanced the percentage of viable cells. The addition of CA after UV exposure denoted the same results. Furthermore, the lower CA concentrations used, the higher cell viability resulted. CA at dose 6.25 μg/mL showed the highest viability in cells, while CA 100 μg/mL resulted in the lowest viability. In short, CA can preserve and treat cells from UV exposure. The outcome suggested prevention and curative on UV-induced BJ cells, and the tested concentration is applicable for further experiments

Potential of Conditioned Medium of hATMSCs in Aging Cells Model

Skin aging is caused by the exposure cumulative of ultraviolet radiation, it leads reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the skin. The conditioned medium of human Adipose Tissue-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hATMSCs) can scavenge free radicals and increase the survival rate of skin cells under oxidative stress. This study examined the protective effects of Conditioned Medium (CM) of hATMSCs in H2O2-induced human skin fibroblast cell line (BJ). The aging cells model using H2O2-induced BJ cells were added CM-hATMSCs in concentrations (0, 10, 30%) and incubated in various time, furthermore BJ cells induced by various H2O2 concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200 µM) incubated for 1 h. The anti-aging potential were measured including viability, ROS and collagen levels in BJ cells which treated CM-hATMSCs. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of H2O2 on BJ cells for 1 h incubation was 107.87 μM and 91.25 μM for 10 min incubation. CM-hATMSCs increased the viability on aging model cells. CM-hATMSCs concentration 30% increased the viability of H2O2 50, 100, 200 µM-induced BJ cells. CM-hATMSCs concentration 25% decreased ROS, increased collagen level in H2O2 50, 100, 200 µM-induced BJ cells. CM-hATMSCs increase the viability cells, collagen level and decrease ROS level in aging model cells

TURMERIC EXTRACT POTENTIAL INHIBIT INFLAMMATORY MARKER IN LPS-STIMULATED MARCOPHAGE CELLS

Objective: Inflammation can be induced by microbiological, chemical, physical factors and plays roles in inflammatory diseases. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has been widely used to provide a diverse array of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, also antioxidant. The Turmeric extract (TE) anti-inflammatory potential was conducted using a Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophage cell line by inhibiting inflammatory mediators especially IL-6, PGE-2, IL-1β, COX-2, TNF-α, iNOS, also NO level. Methods: The TE safe concentration in LPS-induced macrophage cell line was measured using MTS assay for further assay. The inflammatory markers (IL-6, PGE-2, COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, NO) were measured using ELISA assay and NO by the nitrate/nitrite colorimetric assay in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell line. LPS induced inflammatory marker by increasing inflammatory marker (IL-6, PGE-2, COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, NO). Results: TE with 100 to 25 µg/ml, caused a significant reduction of cells viability, reaching only 30.27 % live cells. TE with lower concentrations (7.5; 5; 2.5 µg/ml) had no cytotoxic effect on macrophage cells (viability 117.31-131.08 %). LPS induction caused an increase in inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, PGE-2, IL-6, COX-2, TNF-α as well as iNOS and NO. Turmeric extract caused the reduction of the inflammatory cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The research resulted that TE has anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing IL-6, PGE-2, COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, and NO level on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

The Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects of Cosmos caudatus Ethanolic Extract on Cervical Cancer

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress is closely related to all aspects of cancer. Cosmos caudatus ethanolic extract (CCEE) has been proved to have antioxidant effect that inhibited cancer cell growth due to its bioactive compounds such as catechin, quercetin and chlorogenic acid. This study aimed to evaluate antioxidant and anticancer activity of CCEE and its compounds.METHODS: Total phenol was measured according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Catechin, quercetin and chlorogenic acid contained in CCEE were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS)-reducing activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity test. The cytotoxic activity of CCEE was determined by MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] assay on HeLa cells.RESULTS: The result showed that total phenol of CCEE was 181.64±0.93 µg Cathecin/mg extract. ABTSreducing activity test showed that catechin had the highest activity (2.90±0.04 µg/mL), while CCEE had moderate activity compared to other compounds. FRAP activity test demonstrated that catechin had the highest activity (315.83 µM Fe(II)/µg) compared to other compounds. DPPH scavenging activity of CCEE was 22.82±0.05 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity test on HeLa cell showed that CCEE had lower activity (inhibitory concentration (IC)50= 89.90±1.30 µg/mL) compared to quercetin (IC50 = 13.30±0.64 µg/ mL).CONCLUSION: CCEE has the lowest antioxidant activity compared to quercetin, catechin, and chlorogenic acid and has the lowest anticancer activity compared to quercetin. However, CCEE and its compounds has potential as antioxidant and anticancer properties.KEYWORDS: antioxidant, anticancer, catechin, Cosmos caudatus, querceti

EFFECT OF FLAVONOIDS ON OXIDATIVE STRESS, APOPTOSIS, AND CELL MARKERS OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD-DERIVED ENDOTHELIAL PROGENITOR CELLS: AN IN VITRO STUDY

Objective: Circulating EPCs (endothelial progenitor cells) play a role in neovascularization and vascular repair. Oxidative stress impairs endothelial progenitor. Flavonoid is a phytochemical compound for antioxidant activity. Flavonoid effects toward oxidative stress, apoptosis, and expression of the cell markers on EPCs are not fully understood. This study was aimed to elucidate the effects of quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin toward oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cell markers of peripheral blood-derived-EPCs. Methods: EPCs (endothelial progenitor cells) were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) using cultivation under EPCs spesific media. Oxidative stress in EPCs was induced by H2O2 and then treated by quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin. Cytotoxicity was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay, while intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis and characterization of cells, which expressed CD133 and KDR, was measured using flow cytometry. Results: Quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin at concentration 12.50 µmol/l were not toxic on EPCs as the cells viability were 96.11±4.03%, 95.42±7.75%, and 94.22±9.49%, respectively. Flavonoids decreased intracellular ROS level in EPCs (quercetin: 14.38±1.47%, kaempferol: 20.21±6.25%, and myricetin: 13.88±4.02%) compared to EPCs treated with H2O2 (30.70%±1.04). Percetage of EPCs apoptosis was not significantly different among each treatment. Immunophenotyping showed the increasing of CD133 and KDR expression in EPCs treated with flavonoids. Conclusion: Quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin were safe for EPCs, decreased ROS levels, and increased CD133 and KDR expression. However, the flavonoids did not significantly affect EPCs apoptosis

In vitro Antioxidant and Anti-obesity Activities of Freeze-dried Canarium sp., Averrhoa bilimbi L. and Malus domestica

BACKGROUND: The number of obesity cases is still increasing worldwide and has reached an epidemic scale. Plants are known to have a protection role in the development of obesity, however their antioxidant and anti-obesity activities have not widely known. This study was conducted to assess the in vitro antioxidant and anti-obesity activities of different types of freeze-dried fruits cultivated in Indonesia, especially Canarium sp., Averrhoa bilimbi L. and Malus domestica.METHODS: Total phenolic content of freeze-dried fruits was identified by Folin-Ciocalteu method, while the total flavonoid content was measured by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay. To assessed the antioxidant activity, 2,2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity assay and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) reducing activity assay were performed. The α-amylase and lipase inhibitory activity assay were performed to assess the anti-obesity activity. For comparison, hydroxycitric acid (HCA) compound was also assessed with DPPH, ABTS, α-amylase and lipase assays.RESULTS: A. bilimbi had the highest total phenol content (6.35 µg GAE/mg), meanwhile M. domestica had the highest total flavonoid content (2.06 µg QE/mg). A. bilimbi also showed the highest antioxidant activity both in DPPH and ABTS assay, with inhibitory concentration (IC50)=279.99 µg/mL and 631.78 µg/mL, respectively. The freeze-dried M. domestica had the highest anti-α-amylase activity (IC50=258.85 µg/mL), while Canarium sp. had the highest anti-lipase activity (IC50=118.66 µg/mL).CONCLUSION: Freeze-dried fruits demonstrate in vitro benefits toward obesity. A. bilimbi has potent antioxidant activity and is beneficial against obesity-related adverse health effect by relieving oxidative stress. M. domestica and Canarium sp. hamper the fat accumulation by reducing the carbohydrate absorption and dietary lipid.KEYWORDS: antioxidant, anti-obesity, Canarium sp., Averrhoa bilimbi L., Malus domestica, hydroxycitric aci