The effect of bone choice on quantification of mineralization in broiler chickens up to 6 weeks of age

An experiment was conducted to assess the most appropriate bone type for measuring bone mineralization in male broiler chicks up to 42 d. A total of 72 male broilers were raised in 0.64 m2 pens on a litter floor. The study design included 2 dietary treatments (Control and Low) containing differing levels of total phosphorus (7.8 and 4.4 g/kg for Control and Low diets respectively) and calcium (22.7 and 13.1 g/kg for Control and Low diets respectively) with each fed to 6 replicate pens of 6 birds. Each wk, 6 birds per diet were euthanized and leg bones removed to measure ash percentage. Foot, toe, tibia, and femur ash were compared using the mean of both legs from each bird, via t-tests to separate Control and Low diets. At the end of wk 1, diets could not be separated using any of the bone ash measures. From wk 2 to wk 5, both tibia and foot ash differentiated between the Control and Low diets, and tibia continued to show significant differences between the diets into wk 6. Femur ash did not show any dietary differences until wk 3, but then showed significant differences between the diets until wk 6. Toe ash only differentiated between diets at wk 2, and variation both within and between birds was high, particularly with younger birds. These results suggest that bird age has implications when choosing a bone for assessing possible differences in dietary phosphorus and calcium uptake. Femur ash may be more appropriate for showing differences in broilers aged 6 wk and older. Foot ash provides a comparable alternative to tibia ash in birds aged 2 to 5 wk of age, providing a labor- and time-saving alternative

Oxidative properties of Moringa oleifera kernel oil from different extraction methods during storage

BACKGROUND Moringa oleifera (MO) kernel oil is categorized as high‐oleic oil which resembles olive oil. However, different from olive, MO trees are largely available in most subtropical and tropical countries. Therefore, in these countries, the benefits of oleic acid can be obtained at a cheaper price through consumption of MO kernel oil. This study reports on the effect of different extraction methods on oxidative properties of MO kernel oil during storage for 140 days at 13 0C, 25 0C, and 37 0C. RESULTS All aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE)‐based methods generally resulted in oil with better oxidative properties and higher tocopherol retention than the use of solvent. Prior to AEE, boiling pre‐treatment deactivated the hydrolytic enzymes and preserved the oil quality. In contrast, high pressure processing (HPP) pre‐treatment accelerated hydrolytic reaction and resulted in higher free fatty acids after 140 days at all temperatures. No significant changes were detected in the oils' iodine values and fatty acid compositions. The tocopherol contents decreased significantly at both 13 0C and 25 0C after 60 days in the oil from SE method, and after 120 days in oils from AEE‐based methods. CONCLUSION These findings are significant in highlighting the extraction method resulting in crude MO kernel oil with greatest oxidative stability in the storage conditions tested. Subsequently, the suitable storage condition of the oil prior to refining can be determined. Further studies are recommended in determining the suitable refining processes and parameters for the MO kernel oil prior to application in variety food products

The Effect of a Mycotoxin Deactivation Product on Growth of Juvenile Rainbow Trout Fed Distillers Dried Grains

Distillers dried grains (DDG) with solubles (DDGS) is a product that has shown potential as a protein source for some fish species, but high inclusion rates of DDGS have not always been successfully achieved for Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Our objective was to determine whether inclusion of a mycotoxin deactivation product (Biofix Plus) could improve the ability of high-protein DDG (HPDDG) to replace a portion of the fish meal in diets for Rainbow Trout. The 2 × 2 factorial feeding trial examined protein source (menhaden fish meal [MFM] or HPDDG) with or without Biofix Plus. A control diet (42% digestible protein, 20% crude lipid, 25% MFM) was compared to a test diet in which HPDDG replaced 12% of the total MFM on a digestible-protein basis (24% HPDDG inclusion). Diets were fed to juvenile Rainbow Trout (initial weight: mean ± SE = 30.5 ± 1.6 g) in four replicate tanks per treatment for 9 weeks in a 15°C recirculating system. At the conclusion of the feeding trial, we observed no negative effects of fish meal replacement on growth or feed conversion ratio; no benefit of Biofix Plus supplementation was observed. These data indicate that when Rainbow Trout diets containing a high-quality DDGS product are balanced for digestible protein, lysine, methionine, and threonine, dietary fish meal levels can be successfully reduced to 13% without compromising growth and without the need for mycotoxin deactivator inclusion

Potential use of high levels of vegetal proteins in diets for market-sized gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

[EN] The effect of partial or total dietary substitution of fishmeal (FM) by vegetal protein sources on growth and feed efficiency was carried out in on-growing gilthead sea bream (mean initial weight 131 g). The Control diet (FM 100) contained FM as the primary protein source, while in Diets FM 25 and FM 0 the FM protein was replaced at 75% and 100%, respectively, by a vegetable protein mixture consisting of wheat gluten, soybean meal, rapeseed meal and crystalline amino acids. Diets FM 25 and FM 0 also contained krill meal at 47 g/kg in order to improve palatability. At the end of the trial (after 158 d), fish survival was above 90%. Final weight and the specific growth rate were statistically lower in fish fed the Control diet (361 g and 0.64%/d), compared with 390–396 g and 0.69–0.70%/d after feeding vegetal diets. No significant differences were found regarding feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The digestibility of protein and amino acids (determined with chromium oxide as indicator) was similar in all diets. The blood parameters were not significantly affected by treatments. The activity of trypsin and pepsin was significantly reduced after feeding Diet FM 0. In the distal intestine, the villi length in fish fed Diet FM 25 was significantly longer and the intestine of the fish fed the FM 100 diet showed a smaller number of goblet cells. In conclusion, a total FM substitution by a vegetal mix supplemented with synthetic amino acids in on-growing sea bream is feasible.This work was supported by the Vicerrectorat d'Investigacio, Innovacio i Transferencia - Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Project Name: Aquaculture feed without fishmeal (SP20120603). URLs of funder:http://www.upv.es/entidades/VIIT/info/indexnormalc.htm. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Monge-Ortiz, R.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Marquez, L.; Moyano-Lopez, FJ.; Jover Cerdá, M.; Tomas-Vidal, A. (2016). Potential use of high levels of vegetal proteins in diets for market-sized gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Archives of Animal Nutrition. 70(2):155-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.2016.1141743S15517270

Chemical composition, palatability and physical characteristics of venison from farmed deer

The quality of venison from farmed deer were evaluated based on chemical composition, palatability scores, W-B shear force, ultimate pH, and color. The samples of venison were derived from javan rusa (Cervus timorensis russa), moluccan rusa (Cervus timorensis moluccensis), sambar (Cervus unicolor brookei), fallow (Dama dama) and imported red deer (Cervus elaphus). Moluccan rusa and red deer were fed grass. Javan rusa, sambar and fallow deer were fed concentrate. The venison obtained from grazing deer (grass-fed) gave higher moisture content (75.3%) than concentrate-fed or confinement-raised deer (74.4%) and imported venison (70.62%). Fat content in venison shows some differences between muscles and species. The concentrate-fed animals had a higher (P 0.05) palatability scores than grass-fed venison. Feeding regimens (grass-fed vs. concentrate-fed) significantly (P < 0.05) influenced fat composition in the venison of farmed deer in this study

Production of seafood flavour formulations from enzymatic hydrolysates of fish by-products

© 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Amino acid-rich extracts derived from fish by-products were utilised to generate flavour model systems with added glucose and/or fish oil. Combination of endo and exo peptidases resulted in the most marked increased in free amino acids, particularly for leucine, lysine and glutamic acid (48.3 ± 3.4 to 1423.4 ± 59.6, 43.3 ± 1.2 to 1485.4 ± 25.6 and 143.6 ± 21.7 to 980.9 ± 63.6 μg/g respectively).Main volatile products formed after heating the systems were 4-heptenal, 2,4-heptadienal, and some pyrazines. Increased concentrations of 1-octen-3-ol or 1-hepten-4-ol were also observed in the heated systems compared to the controls. All of these volatile compounds have been identified among the volatile profile of cooked seafood. Conversion of low value fish derived materials such as fish powder, into more valuable products such as flavour precursors and subsequently flavour compounds might be a commercially viable proposition for the fish industry

Analysis of dietary fibre of boiled and canned legumes commonly consumed in the United Kingdom

The use of different analytical methods to measure the dietary fibre content of foods complicates the interpretation of epidemiological studies. The aim of this study was to determine the total (TDF) and insoluble (IDF) fibre content of 14 boiled and canned legumes commonly consumed in the UK using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) enzymatic gravimetric method. The fibre values obtained were compared to non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) values. The results showed that mean values for TDF (2.7–11.2 g/100 g) were higher than NSP (2.6–6.7 g/100 g), with a mean NSP:TDF ratio of 1:1.43. TDF was correlated with NSP (r = 0.6; p = 0.02). Canning significantly reduced TDF and IDF by an average of 30% and 26% compared to boiling respectively. However, IDF represented at least 60% of the TDF in both boiled and canned samples. In conclusion, fibre values are affected by the processing and analytical method used

Dry matter yield, chemical composition and estimated extractable protein of legume and grass species during the spring growth

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the variation of extractable protein amount in legumes and grasses as affected by harvest time is important for identifying optimal combinations to enable a high protein production in a biorefinery. The extractability of protein was estimated using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System across six harvests during the spring growth. RESULTS: The estimated extractable protein [g kg−1 dry matter (DM)] defined as the easily available fractions B1+B2 was significantly higher in white clover and lucerne at all harvests while, if the more cell wall attached fraction B3 can be extracted, white clover had the highest extractable protein amongst all species. Total yield of B1+B2 per ha was higher in white clover and red clover at the early growth while B1+B2+B3 was by far the highest for red clover through all harvests. CONCLUSION:White clover could be a good candidate for protein production purpose in a biorefinery due to its high extractable protein content per kg DM. In order to maximise the protein production capacity, harvest should take place during early growth due to a decline in protein extractability with maturity. The final economy of the concept will depend on the value of the fibre after extraction of the protein