43 research outputs found

    Lahden kaupungin luonnon monimuotoisuustavoitteet ja viherrakenteen sopivuus lintulajeille

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    Kaupunkien viheralueilla on merkittÀvÀ rooli luonnon monimuotoisuuden yllÀpitÀmi-sessÀ ja niiden mÀÀrÀ, rakenne ja hoito vaikuttavat lajiston, kuten lintulajien esiintymi-seen kaupunkialueella. Kaupunkien ohjelmissa asetetaan tavoitteita ja toimenpiteitÀ luonnon monimuotoisuuden edistÀmiseksi ja EU:n biodiversiteettistrategiaan on kirjat-tu, ettÀ kaikkien yli 20 000 asukkaan kaupunkien tulisi vielÀ lisÀtÀ kaupunkiluonnon monimuotoisuutta edistÀvien toimien kunnianhimoisuutta laatimalla viherryttÀmis-suunnitelma. Lahden kaupunki valmistelee viherryttÀmissuunnitelmaa osana pÀivitty-vÀÀ viheralueohjelmaa ja tÀmÀn työn tarkoituksena on koota ehdotuksia Lahden viher-ryttÀmissuunnitelmaan tarvittaviksi sisÀllöiksi. KÀytin työssÀ sisÀllönanalyysia vertail-lakseni EU:n ohjeistuksien sisÀltöjÀ Lahden kaupungin ohjelmissa esiintyviin tavoittei-siin, toimenpiteisiin ja mittareihin. LisÀksi tarkastelin elinympÀristön soveltuvuusmal-lien avulla, kuinka varpusen, pajulinnun ja kirjosiepon elinympÀristövaatimukset toteu-tuvat Lahden kaupunkialueella. Tuloksista kÀvi ilmi, ettÀ Lahden ohjelmissa esiintyy runsaasti joihinkin viheralueisiin, kuten metsiin, kohdistuvia toimia, kun taas puutar-hoihin ja pensaisiin kohdistuvat toimet puuttuvat. LisÀksi luonnon monimuotoisuus-toimien seurannassa kÀytettÀvien mittareiden puute nousi esille. Lintulajien elinympÀ-ristömallinnuksen mukaan kaupunkialueelta valitulla tutkimusalueella esiintyy vaihte-levasti sekÀ paremmin ettÀ heikommin sopivia alueita. Tarkasteltaville lajeille alue tarjoaa tarpeeksi metsÀisiÀ alueita, varpuselle jopa kriteerit ylittÀvÀsti. Kuitenkin ra-kennettua alaa on sekÀ varpusen ettÀ pajulinnun kriteerien mukaan liian paljon ja puis-toalueita pajulinnun kriteerien mukaan liian vÀhÀn. Työn johtopÀÀtöksinÀ Lahden kau-pungin viherryttÀmissuunnitelmaan tarvittaisiin toimenpiteiden vaikuttavuuden seu-raamiseksi mittaristoa, kuten latvuspeittÀvyyden ja lajiston seurantaa. ToimenpiteitÀ tarvittaisiin lisÀÀ monipuolisten viheralueiden, kuten pensaikoiden ja viherkattojen sekÀ luonnonmukaisemmin hoidettujen kasvillisuusalueiden lisÀÀmiseksi. Toimenpitei-tÀ kannattaisi kohdistaa erityisesti lajiston esiintymisen kannalta merkittÀville alueille, kuten linnustolle tÀrkeille puistoalueille. Myös laajoille ilman kasvillisuutta oleville alueille tulisi lisÀtÀ luonnollisia rakenteita, jotta yhÀ suurempi osa kaupunkirakennetta tukisi monimuotoisen luonnon esiintymistÀ ja siten elinympÀristöjen vÀlistÀ kytkeyty-neisyyttÀ, kuten myös kaupungin viihtyisyyttÀ ja asukkaiden hyvinvointia.Urban green areas play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity, and their quanti-ty, structure and maintenance affect the richness of species, such as bird species, found in urban areas. Nature programmes of cities set goals and measures to promote biodi-versity, and the EU Biodiversity Strategy states that all cities with more than 20,000 inhabitants should set measures to promote the diversity of green areas by making an ambitious urban greening plan. The city of Lahti is preparing an urban greening plan as part of the update of their green area program, and the purpose of this work is to gather proposals for the contents needed for Lahti's urban greening plan. I used content analy-sis method in my work to compare the contents of the EU guidelines to the goals, oper-ations and measures in the programmes of the city of Lahti. In addition, I built habitat suitability index models to examine how the city structure of Lahti is meeting the habi-tat requirements of house sparrow, willow warbler and pied flycatcher. The results showed that in Lahti's programmes there are comprehensive actions related to some green areas, such as forests, while actions related to gardens and bushes are missing. In addition, there is lack of measures used to monitor biodiversity operations. According to the habitat suitability model covering a selected study area inside urban area of Lah-ti, there is variability of more and less suitable areas. The area offers enough wooded areas for the species under consideration, even exceeding the criteria for the sparrow. However, there is too much built-up area according to both the sparrow's and the wil-low warblerŽs criteria, and too few park areas according to the willow warblerŽs crite-ria. According to the results, the urban greening plan of the city of Lahti needs a set of measures, such as canopy coverage and species monitoring, to monitor the effective-ness of the operations. More operations would be needed to increase versatile green areas, such as bushes and green roofs, as well as less intensively managed vegetation areas. It would be important to focus the operations especially on areas that are signifi-cant for the occurrence of the species, such as park areas that are important for birds. Natural structures should also be added to large areas without vegetation, so that an increasingly large part of the urban structure would support the presence of diverse nature and thus also the comfort of the city and the well-being of its residents

    Biological and genetic interaction between Tenascin C and Neuropeptide S receptor 1 in allergic diseases

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    Neuropeptide S receptor 1 (NPSR1, GPRA 154, GPRA) has been verified as a susceptibility gene for asthma and related phenotypes. The ligand for NPSR1, Neuropeptide S (NPS), activates signalling through NPSR1 and microarray analysis has identified Tenascin C (TNC) as a target gene of NPS-NPSR1 signalling. TNC has previously been implicated as a risk gene for asthma. We aimed therefore to study the genetic association of TNC in asthma- and allergy-related disorders as well as the biological and genetic interactions between NPSR1 and TNC. Regulation of TNC was investigated using NPS stimulated NPSR1 transfected cells. We genotyped 12 TNC SNPs in the cross-sectional PARSIFAL study (3113 children) and performed single SNP association, haplotype association and TNC and NPSR1 gene-gene interaction analyses. Our experimental results show NPS-dependent upregulation of TNC-mRNA. The genotyping results indicate single SNP and haplotype associations for several SNPs in TNC with the most significant association to rhinoconjunctivitis for a haplotype, with a frequency of 29% in cases (P = 0.0005). In asthma and atopic sensitization significant gene-gene interactions were found between TNC and NPSR1 SNPs, indicating that depending on the NPSR1 genotype, TNC can be associated with either an increased or a decreased risk of disease. We conclude that variations in TNC modifies, not only risk for asthma, but also for rhinoconjunctivitis. Furthermore, we show epistasis based on both a direct suggested regulatory effect and a genetic interaction between NPSR1 and TNC. These results suggest merging of previously independent pathways of importance in the development of asthma- and allergy-related trait

    Asbestille altistuneiden työvaatteiden varustehuollon toimivuuden testaaminen

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    ”Asbestille altistuneiden työvaatteiden varustehuollon testaaminen” -hankkeessa ja siihen liittyneissĂ€ kehittĂ€misavustushankkeissa arvioitiin asbestikuitujen kykyĂ€ tarttua sammutusasuihin ja työtakkeihin. Hankkeessa arvioitiin myös työvaatteiden peseytymistehokkuutta pesukoneen erilaisilla tĂ€yttömÀÀrillĂ€. Samalla arvioimme myös pesukoneiden puhtautta kontaminoituneiden pyykkien pesun jĂ€lkeen ja likaantuneen pyykin aiheuttamaa ristiin kontaminaatiota. Pyykkien kĂ€sittelyn aikana mittasimme ilman asbestikuitupitoisuuksia, kĂ€siteltĂ€essĂ€ ne perinteisellĂ€ tavalla eli tarkistamalla sammutusasujen taskut ennen niiden pesua, ja toiseksi ”puhdas paloasema” -ohjeistuksen mukaisesti siirtĂ€mĂ€llĂ€ pyykit suoraan pesukoneeseen itsesulavissa pesupusseissa. KeskimÀÀrĂ€inen sammutusasujen asbestikuitukuorma kahden tunnin altistuksen jĂ€lkeen oli 100 kuitua neliösenttimetrillĂ€, kun ilmapitoisuudet olivat altistuksen aikana keskimÀÀrin 0,24 kuitua kuutiosenttimetrissĂ€. Vastaava työtakkien kuorma oli 460 kuitua/cm2, kun mukana oli myös prosessimiesten altistamat ja pidempÀÀn kĂ€ytössĂ€ olleet työtakit. Sammutusasujen ja työtakkien puhdistumistehokkuus pesuissa oli yli 99 %. Pesukoneen tĂ€yttömÀÀrĂ€llĂ€ ei ollut vaikutusta sammutusasujen pesutulokseen ja niiden keskimÀÀrĂ€inen asbestikuitukuorma oli alle 1 kuitua neliösenttimetrillĂ€ pesun jĂ€lkeen kaikilla tĂ€yttöasteilla. PestĂ€essĂ€ 20 työtakkia kerrallaan samassa koneessa niiden asbestikuitukuorma oli keskimÀÀrin 3,3 kuitua neliösenttimetrillĂ€ pesun jĂ€lkeen. Pesulan ilman asbestikuitupitoisuudet pysyivĂ€t pesun aikana alle puhtaan sisĂ€ilman ohjearvon kĂ€ytettĂ€essĂ€ itsesulavia pesupusseja. PerinteistĂ€ menettelyĂ€ kĂ€ytettĂ€essĂ€ keskimÀÀrĂ€iset asbestikuitupitoisuudet olivat 20 % asbestikuitujen sitovasta kahdeksan tunnin raja-arvosta. Pesuveden asbestikuitupitoisuudet vĂ€henivĂ€t työtakkien pesun edetessĂ€. Sammutusasujen huuhteluvedessĂ€ pitoisuudet olivat alle miljoona kuitua kuutiodesimetrissĂ€, kun taas työtakkien ensimmĂ€isen huuhteluveden laskennalliseksi pitoisuudeksi arvioitiin 1,9 miljoonaa kuitua kuutiodesimetrissĂ€. Sammutusasujen pesun jĂ€lkeen pestiin kaikissa pesukoneissa t-paidat. T-paidoista ei löytynyt pesun jĂ€lkeen kohonneita asbestikuitukuormia. Työtakkien kuivauksen jĂ€lkeen kuivausrummun pyyhkĂ€isynĂ€ytteestĂ€ ei löytynyt asbestikuituja. MyöskÀÀn kuivaushuoneen lattialta ei pyyhkĂ€isynĂ€ytteissĂ€ löytynyt asbestikuituja sammutusasujen kuivauksen aikana. Työvaatteiden asbestikuitukuorma kohosi korkeaksi lyhyessĂ€kin ajassa, jonka vuoksi työvaate voi saastuttaa esimerkiksi sosiaalitilat kĂ€yttĂ€jĂ€n varomattomalla kĂ€ytöksellĂ€. TĂ€mĂ€n estĂ€miseksi suosittelemme ensisijaisesti lyhytaikahaalareiden kĂ€yttöÀ työskenneltĂ€essĂ€ asbestille kontaminoituneissa työympĂ€ristöissĂ€, jolloin kevythaalari voidaan riisua työn jĂ€lkeen ja toimittaa se asianmukaisesti ongelmajĂ€tteisiin. Jos toimitaan perinteisillĂ€ pidempÀÀn kĂ€yttöön tarkoitetuilla työvaatteilla, suosittelemme niiden vaihtamista puhtaisiin jo yhden työvuoron jĂ€lkeen asbestikuitukuorman kumuloitumisen estĂ€miseksi. Suosittelemme asbestille kontaminoituneille työvaatteille niiden paketointia itseliukeneviin pesupusseihin, jotta varustehuollossa ei turhaan altistuttaisi asbestille. Vaatepussit tulee merkitĂ€ ”sisĂ€ltÀÀ asbestia” tarroilla. Työvaatteiden taskut kannattaa tyhjentÀÀ jo työpaikalla ennen pesupusseihin laittamista ja siinĂ€ vaiheessa vaatehuoltajan tulee kĂ€yttÀÀ vĂ€hintÀÀn kevytsuojahaalaria, FFFP3-luokan hengityksensuojainta ja suojakĂ€sineitĂ€. Ennen pyykkien lĂ€hettĂ€mistĂ€ pesulaan tulee pesulaa informoida vaatteiden asbestikontaminaatiosta ja samalla varmistaa, ettĂ€ pesula ottaa vastaan asbestilla kontaminoitua pyykkiĂ€. HyvĂ€n pesutuloksen varmistamiseksi suosittelemme arvioimaan työvaatteiden likaantumisastetta suhteessa pesukoneen tĂ€yttöasteeseen. Työtakkien asbestikuitukuormat olivat neljĂ€ kertaa suurempia kuin sammutusasujen ja lisĂ€ksi niitĂ€ pestiin samanaikaisesti kaksikymmentĂ€ kappaletta. KĂ€ytetty asbestikuitukuorma ja tĂ€yttöaste nĂ€kyivĂ€t työtakeissa lievĂ€sti kohonneina keskimÀÀrĂ€isinĂ€ asbestikuitukuormina. NĂ€in ollen kĂ€ytetty tĂ€yttömÀÀrĂ€ ja riittĂ€vĂ€ pesuohjelma, joka sisĂ€ltÀÀ tehokkaan esipesun ja vĂ€hintÀÀn kolme pesuvaihetta, ovat avainasemassa hyvĂ€n pesutehokkuuden luomisessa. Tulosten mukaan pesukoneet puhdistuivat sammutusasujen pesussa hyvin ja sammutusasujen jĂ€lkeen pestyssĂ€ pyykissĂ€ ei havaittu kohonneita asbestikuitukuormia. Työtakeista löytyi lievĂ€sti kohonneita asbestikuitukuormia pesun ja kuivauksen jĂ€lkeen, mutta kuivausrummusta otetussa pyyhkĂ€isynĂ€ytteessĂ€ ei kuitenkaan havaittu asbestikuituja, joten seuraavan pyykin kontaminaatio oli epĂ€todennĂ€köistĂ€. HyvĂ€ pesulahygienia asbestille kontaminoituneiden työvaatteiden pesussa edellyttÀÀ pesukoneelta ja kuivausrummulta niiden poistoilman johtamista suoraan pesulasta ulos. LisĂ€ksi poistoilma tulisi suodattaa HEPA-suodattimella ennen sen pÀÀstĂ€mistĂ€ ulkoilmaan. Pesun aikana työntekijĂ€t on oltava suojautuneena FFFP3-luokan hengityksensuojaimin, lyhytaikahaalarein ja suojakĂ€sinein vaatteiden purkamisen, pesujen, kuivauksen ja myös laitteistojen puhdistuksen ja huoltojen aikana. ErityistĂ€ huomiota on kiinnitettĂ€vĂ€ suojautumiseen rummun ja pesukoneen nukkasuodattimien puhdistuksessa. LisĂ€ksi työntekijĂ€t on ilmoitettava syöpĂ€vaarallisille aineille altistuvien rekisteriin ja heidĂ€n terveydentilaa ja altistumista on seurattava sÀÀnnöllisesti. Hankkeen tulosten perusteella suosittelemme asbestille kontaminoituneille pyykeille ensisijaisesti pesulaa, jossa on oma pesu- ja kuivauslinjasto asbestikuiduille kontaminoituneille työvaatteille. Toinen vaihtoehto olisi tavallinen pesula, jossa tĂ€ssĂ€ raportissa mainittuja varomÀÀrĂ€yksiĂ€ noudatetaan

    Label-free characterization and real-time monitoring of cell uptake of extracellular vesicles

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    Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have the ability to function as molecular vehicles and could therefore be harnessed to deliver drugs to target cells in diseases such as cancer. The composition of EVs determines their function as well as their interactions with cells, which consequently affects the cell uptake efficacy of EVs. In this study, we present two novel label-free approaches for studying EVs; characterization of EV composition by time-gated surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TG-SERS) and monitoring the kinetics and amount of cellular uptake of EVs by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in real-time. Using these methods, we characterized the most abundant EVs of human blood, red blood cell (RBC)- and platelet (PLT)-derived EVs and studied their interactions with prostate cancer cells. Complementary studies were performed with nanoparticle tracking analysis for concentration and size determinations of EVs, zeta potential measurements for surface charge analysis, and fluorophore-based confocal imaging and flow cytometry to confirm EV uptake. Our results revealed distinct biochemical features between the studied EVs and demonstrated that PLT-derived EVs were more efficiently internalized by PC-3 cells than RBC-derived EVs. The two novel label-free techniques introduced in this study were found to efficiently complement conventional techniques and paves the way for further use of TG-SERS and SPR in EV studies.Peer reviewe

    Global Expression Profiling in Atopic Eczema Reveals Reciprocal Expression of Inflammatory and Lipid Genes

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    Atopic eczema (AE) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder. In order to dissect the genetic background several linkage and genetic association studies have been performed. Yet very little is known about specific genes involved in this complex skin disease, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood.We used human DNA microarrays to identify a molecular picture of the programmed responses of the human genome to AE. The transcriptional program was analyzed in skin biopsy samples from lesional and patch-tested skin from AE patients sensitized to Malassezia sympodialis (M. sympodialis), and corresponding biopsies from healthy individuals. The most notable feature of the global gene-expression pattern observed in AE skin was a reciprocal expression of induced inflammatory genes and repressed lipid metabolism genes. The overall transcriptional response in M. sympodialis patch-tested AE skin was similar to the gene-expression signature identified in lesional AE skin. In the constellation of genes differentially expressed in AE skin compared to healthy control skin, we have identified several potential susceptibility genes that may play a critical role in the pathological condition of AE. Many of these genes, including genes with a role in immune responses, lipid homeostasis, and epidermal differentiation, are localized on chromosomal regions previously linked to AE.Through genome-wide expression profiling, we were able to discover a distinct reciprocal expression pattern of induced inflammatory genes and repressed lipid metabolism genes in skin from AE patients. We found a significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes in AE with cytobands associated to the disease, and furthermore new chromosomal regions were found that could potentially guide future region-specific linkage mapping in AE. The full data set is available at http://microarray-pubs.stanford.edu/eczema

    Association of genetic variation with systolic and diastolic blood pressure among African Americans: the Candidate Gene Association Resource study

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    The prevalence of hypertension in African Americans (AAs) is higher than in other US groups; yet, few have performed genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in AA. Among people of European descent, GWASs have identified genetic variants at 13 loci that are associated with blood pressure. It is unknown if these variants confer susceptibility in people of African ancestry. Here, we examined genome-wide and candidate gene associations with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) using the Candidate Gene Association Resource (CARe) consortium consisting of 8591 AAs. Genotypes included genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data utilizing the Affymetrix 6.0 array with imputation to 2.5 million HapMap SNPs and candidate gene SNP data utilizing a 50K cardiovascular gene-centric array (ITMAT-Broad-CARe [IBC] array). For Affymetrix data, the strongest signal for DBP was rs10474346 (P= 3.6 × 10−8) located near GPR98 and ARRDC3. For SBP, the strongest signal was rs2258119 in C21orf91 (P= 4.7 × 10−8). The top IBC association for SBP was rs2012318 (P= 6.4 × 10−6) near SLC25A42 and for DBP was rs2523586 (P= 1.3 × 10−6) near HLA-B. None of the top variants replicated in additional AA (n = 11 882) or European-American (n = 69 899) cohorts. We replicated previously reported European-American blood pressure SNPs in our AA samples (SH2B3, P= 0.009; TBX3-TBX5, P= 0.03; and CSK-ULK3, P= 0.0004). These genetic loci represent the best evidence of genetic influences on SBP and DBP in AAs to date. More broadly, this work supports that notion that blood pressure among AAs is a trait with genetic underpinnings but also with significant complexit

    A Meta-analysis of Gene Expression Signatures of Blood Pressure and Hypertension

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    Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered numerous genetic variants (SNPs) that are associated with blood pressure (BP). Genetic variants may lead to BP changes by acting on intermediate molecular phenotypes such as coded protein sequence or gene expression, which in turn affect BP variability. Therefore, characterizing genes whose expression is associated with BP may reveal cellular processes involved in BP regulation and uncover how transcripts mediate genetic and environmental effects on BP variability. A meta-analysis of results from six studies of global gene expression profiles of BP and hypertension in whole blood was performed in 7017 individuals who were not receiving antihypertensive drug treatment. We identified 34 genes that were differentially expressed in relation to BP (Bonferroni-corrected p<0.05). Among these genes, FOS and PTGS2 have been previously reported to be involved in BP-related processes; the others are novel. The top BP signature genes in aggregate explain 5%–9% of inter-individual variance in BP. Of note, rs3184504 in SH2B3, which was also reported in GWAS to be associated with BP, was found to be a trans regulator of the expression of 6 of the transcripts we found to be associated with BP (FOS, MYADM, PP1R15A, TAGAP, S100A10, and FGBP2). Gene set enrichment analysis suggested that the BP-related global gene expression changes include genes involved in inflammatory response and apoptosis pathways. Our study provides new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying BP regulation, and suggests novel transcriptomic markers for the treatment and prevention of hypertension

    Association of genetic variation with systolic and diastolic blood pressure among African Americans: the Candidate Gene Association Resource study.

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    The prevalence of hypertension in African Americans (AAs) is higher than in other US groups; yet, few have performed genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in AA. Among people of European descent, GWASs have identified genetic variants at 13 loci that are associated with blood pressure. It is unknown if these variants confer susceptibility in people of African ancestry. Here, we examined genome-wide and candidate gene associations with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) using the Candidate Gene Association Resource (CARe) consortium consisting of 8591 AAs. Genotypes included genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data utilizing the Affymetrix 6.0 array with imputation to 2.5 million HapMap SNPs and candidate gene SNP data utilizing a 50K cardiovascular gene-centric array (ITMAT-Broad-CARe [IBC] array). For Affymetrix data, the strongest signal for DBP was rs10474346 (P= 3.6 × 10(-8)) located near GPR98 and ARRDC3. For SBP, the strongest signal was rs2258119 in C21orf91 (P= 4.7 × 10(-8)). The top IBC association for SBP was rs2012318 (P= 6.4 × 10(-6)) near SLC25A42 and for DBP was rs2523586 (P= 1.3 × 10(-6)) near HLA-B. None of the top variants replicated in additional AA (n = 11 882) or European-American (n = 69 899) cohorts. We replicated previously reported European-American blood pressure SNPs in our AA samples (SH2B3, P= 0.009; TBX3-TBX5, P= 0.03; and CSK-ULK3, P= 0.0004). These genetic loci represent the best evidence of genetic influences on SBP and DBP in AAs to date. More broadly, this work supports that notion that blood pressure among AAs is a trait with genetic underpinnings but also with significant complexity

    Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk.

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    Blood pressure is a heritable trait influenced by several biological pathways and responsive to environmental stimuli. Over one billion people worldwide have hypertension (≄140 mm Hg systolic blood pressure or  ≄90 mm Hg diastolic blood pressure). Even small increments in blood pressure are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. This genome-wide association study of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which used a multi-stage design in 200,000 individuals of European descent, identified sixteen novel loci: six of these loci contain genes previously known or suspected to regulate blood pressure (GUCY1A3-GUCY1B3, NPR3-C5orf23, ADM, FURIN-FES, GOSR2, GNAS-EDN3); the other ten provide new clues to blood pressure physiology. A genetic risk score based on 29 genome-wide significant variants was associated with hypertension, left ventricular wall thickness, stroke and coronary artery disease, but not kidney disease or kidney function. We also observed associations with blood pressure in East Asian, South Asian and African ancestry individuals. Our findings provide new insights into the genetics and biology of blood pressure, and suggest potential novel therapeutic pathways for cardiovascular disease prevention

    Causal effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 on coronary heart disease

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    Background--Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) plays an essential role in the fibrinolysis system and thrombosis. Population studies have reported that blood PAI-1 levels are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, it is unclear whether the association reflects a causal influence of PAI-1 on CHD risk. Methods and Results--To evaluate the association between PAI-1 and CHD, we applied a 3-step strategy. First, we investigated the observational association between PAI-1 and CHD incidence using a systematic review based on a literature search for PAI-1 and CHD studies. Second, we explored the causal association between PAI-1 and CHD using a Mendelian randomization approach using summary statistics from large genome-wide association studies. Finally, we explored the causal effect of PAI-1 on cardiovascular risk factors including metabolic and subclinical atherosclerosis measures. In the systematic meta-analysis, the highest quantile of blood PAI-1 level was associated with higher CHD risk comparing with the lowest quantile (odds ratio=2.17; 95% CI: 1.53, 3.07) in an age- and sex-adjusted model. The effect size was reduced in studies using a multivariable-adjusted model (odds ratio=1.46; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.88). The Mendelian randomization analyses suggested a causal effect of increased PAI-1 level on CHD risk (odds ratio=1.22 per unit increase of log-transformed PAI-1; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.47). In addition, we also detected a causal effect of PAI-1 on elevating blood glucose and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusions--Our study indicates a causal effect of elevated PAI-1 level on CHD risk, which may be mediated by glucose dysfunction
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